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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Cartilage |
Semi-rigid connective tissue
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What are the characteristics of cartilage |
Flexible -Weaker than bone -Avascular
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Fetalcartilage, ends of articulating bones, trachea, larynx, and nose all have what type of cartilage?
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Hyaline |
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Define Perichondrium |
Cartilage Covering |
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Which type of cartilage contains no perichondrium? |
Fibrocartilage |
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What is the most common and weakest type of cartilage? |
Hyaline |
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What is fibrocartilage made of? |
Dense collagen fibers
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Ear, and epiglottis contain what type of cartilage |
Elastic |
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The pubic symphysis has what type of cartilage |
Fibrocartilage |
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What are the 3 functions of cartilage? |
1. Supports soft tissue 2. Provide gliding surface atarticulations 3. Precursor model for bone growth |
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What is Interstitial growth |
- Growth from within the cartilage |
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What are the 4 steps of interstitial growth |
(1.) Mitosis - Chondrocyte turn into 2 chondroblasts insingle lacuna (2.) Produce new matrix and separatefrom neighbor (3.) Chondrocytes in own new lacunae (4.) Cartilage continues to growinternally |
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What is Appositional growth |
Growth along cartilage periphery |
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What are the 3 steps of appositional growth |
1. Mitosis- (stem cells) inperichondrium produce chondroblasts
2. They produce a new matrix (cartilage) then move outward 3. Chondrocyte in lacunae continueto produce more matrix |
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Although bone contains all types of tissues it is mainly composed of what |
osseus connective tissue |
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Why is the ECM of bone sturdy and rigid |
Calcification |
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What are the 5 functions of bone |
1. Support 2. Protection 3. Movement 4. Hemopoiesis 5. Storage |
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What is hemopoiesis |
Production of blood cells |
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Where does hemopoiesis occur |
Red bone marrow |
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where are lipids stored in bone |
yellow bone marrow |
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What is the anatomy of a short bone |
spongy bone, with a compact exterior |
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carpals,tarsals, and sesamoid bones are examples of what type of bone |
Short bones |
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What is the anatomy of a flat bone |
parallelcompact bone surface, with a spongy bone interior |
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What are the 4 types of bones |
1. Long bones 2. Short bones 3. Flat bones 4. Irregular bones |
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What minerals are stored in bones |
calcium and phosphate |
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vertebrae,ossa coxae, and some skull bones are examples of what type of bone
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irregular bone |
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roof of skull, sternum, ribs,and scapulae are examples of what type of bone
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flat bone |
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What 5 features make up the anatomy of a long bone |
- Diaphysis - Epiphysis - Metaphysis - Articular cartilage - Medullary cavity
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what is the function of the diaphysis |
leverageand bearing weight |
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What is the function of the epiphysis |
jointarticulation and attachment for tendons and ligaments |
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what do Osteoblasts secrete |
osteoid |
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what is a metaphysis called when located in a child |
epiphysealplate |
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where is the metaphysis located |
Betweenepiphysis and diaphysis |
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what is a metaphysis called when located in an adult |
epiphyseal line |
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what is the epiphyseal line |
Thinlayer of compact bone
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what is the epiphyseal plate |
Thinlayers of hyaline cartilage that allow for lengthwise growth of diaphysis
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What is articular cartilage |
Hyalinecartilage covering epiphysis which reduces friction and absorbs shock
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What is the Medullary cavity |
space in diaphysis |
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What does the medullary cavity contain in children |
red bone marrow |
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What does the medullary cavity contain in adults |
yellow bone marrow |
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The outer covering of bone is the what |
periosteum |
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what 2 layers make up the periosteum |
fibrous layer and cellular layer |
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What does the fibrous layer of the periosteum do |
anchorsblood vessels and nerves |
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what does the cellular layer of the periosteum do |
growth and repair |
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what makes up the cellular layer of the periosteum |
bone cells |
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What is the endosteum |
the inner covering of bone |
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what makes up the endosteum |
bone cells for growth and repair |
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What are the 4 types of bone cells |
1. Osteoprogenitors 2. Osteoblasts 3. Osteocytes 4. Osteoclasts
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what are Osteoprogenitors |
Stemcell precursors to osteoblasts
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where are Osteoprogenitors located |
endosteum and periosteum |
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what is osteoid |
semisolidbone matrix |
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what do osteocytes do |
Maintainbone matrix, communication |
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what are osteoclasts |
Largemultinucleate phagocytic cells that help with bone reabsorbtion
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how do osteoclasts start bone reabsorbtion |
HCl is secreted which dissolves minerals and releases calcium and phosphate |
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what are bone salts made out of |
Calciumphosphate and calcium hydroxide (Hydroxyapatite) |
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what is the structure of spongy bone |
trabeculae-openlattice narrow plates |
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what are osteons composed of |
lamellae and canals |
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what creates the rings in concentric lamellae |
Alternatingcollagen fiber directions |
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appositional growth is done by what type of lamellae |
circumferential |
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perforating canals are what |
perpendicularconnections to central canals |
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what is ossification |
Formation and development of bone |
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what are the 2 types of ossification |
intramembranous and endochondral |
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flatbones of skull, some facial bones, mandible, and clavicle are produced by what type of ossification |
intramembranous |
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what is the starting tissue of intramembranous ossification |
mesenchyme |
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what is woven bone |
rough draft |
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what are the 4 stages of intramembranous ossification |
1.Ossification centers form in thicken regions of mesenchyme 2.Osteoid laid by osteoblasts 3. Woven bone and surroundingperiosteum form 4.Lamellar bone replaces woven bone as compact and spongy bone form |
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how is the periosteum formed |
mesenchyme condenses |
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what ossification process produces most of the bones in the body |
endochondral ossification |
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what is the starting tissue of endochondral ossification |
Hyaline cartilage |
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how does calcification occur |
calcium combines with osteoid |
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what are the 6 stages of endochondrial ossification |
1.Fetal hyaline cartilage model develops 2.Cartilage calcifies and periosteal collar forms 3.Primary ossification center forms in diaphysis 4.Secondary ossification centers form at epiphysis 5.Bone replaces cartilage except articular and epiphyseal plate 6.Epiphyseal plates ossify |
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at what ages do epiphyseal plates start to ossify |
10-25 |
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what are the 5 zones of the epiphyseal plate from epiphysis to diaphysis |
1. Resting cartilage 2. Proliferating cartilage 3. Hypertrophic cartilage 4. Calcified cartilage 5. Ossification |
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what is resting cartilage made up of |
mature hyaline, small chondrocytes |
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what happens in the proliferating cartilage zone of epiphyseal plate |
rapid mitosis, cells align and stack |
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what happens in the hypertrophic cartilage zone of epiphyseal plate |
no mitosis, big lacuna |
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what happens in the calcified cartilage zone of epiphyseal plate |
chondrocytes die, turns thin and opaque |
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what happens during ossification |
lacunae break and form columns, Bloodvessels and osteoprogenitor cells enter |
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what is interstitial bone growth |
growth in length of bone |
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where does interstitial bone growth take place |
epiphysealplate
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what is appositional bone growth |
growth in thickness |
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where does appositional bone growth take place |
within periosteum |
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what is bone remodeling |
Continualdeposition of new bone tissue, and removal of old |
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what are the 2 functions of bone remodeling |
1. Maintain calcium and phosphatelevels 2. Respond to stress on bones |
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what are the 3 steps in bone remodeling |
1. Microfracture detected 2. osteoclasts enter, remove bone 3. osteoblasts enter, lay osteoid |
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how does exercise effect bones |
Mechanicalstress is put on them which increases osteoblast activity which results in increased density |
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what is osteoporosis |
decrease in bone density |
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what makes bones brittle |
low production of organic matrix |
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what makes bones thinner and weaker |
low production of calcium and bone salts |
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what 4 events happen when a bone is fractured |
1. Fracture forms a blood clot 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms - Collagen connects broken bone 3. Bony callus forms - Osteoblasts lay down woven bone 4. Bone remodeled to mature compactbone |
