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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
angi/o
vas/o vascul/o |
blood vessel
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aort/o
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aorta
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arteri/o
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artery
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ather/o
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fatty (lipid) paste
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atri/o
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atrium
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cardi/o
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heart
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coron/o
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circle or crown
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pector/o
steth/o |
chest
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thromb/o
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clost
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sphygm/o
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pulse
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ven/o
phleb/o |
vein
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varic/o
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swollen
twisted vein |
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ventricul/o
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ventricle (belly or pouch)
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atrium
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upper right or left chamber of the heart
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endocardium
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membrane lining the cavities of the heart
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epicardium
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membrane forming the outer layer of the heart
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interatrial septum
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partition between the right and left atria
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interventricular septum
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partition between the right and left ventricles
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myocardium
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heart muscle
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pericardium
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protective sac enclosing the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood
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visceral pericardium
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layer closest to the heart
(visceral = pertaining to organ) |
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parietal pericardium
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outer layer
(parietal = pertaining to wall) |
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pericardinal cavity
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fluid-filled cavity between the pericardial layers
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ventricle
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lower right or left chamber of the heart
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heart valves
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structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood
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aortic valve
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heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta
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mitral valve
(bicuspid valve) |
heart valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle
(cuspis = point) |
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pulmonary semilunar valve
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heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery (luna = moon)
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tricuspid valve
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valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
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valves of the veins
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valves located at intervals within the lining of veins, especially in the legs, which constrict with muscle action to move the blood returning to the heart
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arteries
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vessels that carry blood from the heart to the arterioles
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aorta
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large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle
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arterioles
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small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
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capillaries
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tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules
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venules
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small vessels that gather blood from capillaries into the veins
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veins
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vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules
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systemic circulation
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circulation of blood throughout the body via arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues
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coronary circulation
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circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue
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pulmonary circulation
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circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for the exchange of gases
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diastole
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to expand; period during the cardiac cycle when the blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria
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systole
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to contract; period during hte cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and the pulmonary artery
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normotension
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normal blood pressure
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hypotension
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low blood pressure
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hypertension (HTN)
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high blood pressure
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sinoatrial (SA) node
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pacemaker; highly specialized, neurological tissue impeded in the wall of the right atrium; responsible for initiating electrical conduction of the heartbeat, causing the atria to contract and firing conduction of impulses to the AV node
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atrioventricular (AV) node
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neurological tissue in the center of the heart and receives and amplifies the conduction of impulses from the SA node to the bundle of His
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bundle of His
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neurological fibers extending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers
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Purkinje fibers
Purkinje network |
fibers int he ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract
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polarization
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resting; resting state of a myocardial cell
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depolarization
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change of a myocardial cell from polarized (resting) state to a state of contraction
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repolarization
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recharging of the myocardial cell from a contracted state back to a resting state
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normal sinus rhythm (NSR)
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regular rhythm of the heart cycle stimulated by the SA node
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aneurysm
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a widening; a bulging of the wall of the heart, aorta, or artery caused by a congenital defect or acquired weakness
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saccular aneurysm
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sac-like bulge on one side
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fusiform aneurysm
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spindle-shaped bulge
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dissecting aneurysm
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a split or tear of the vessel wall
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angina pectoris
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chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle; often caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries
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arteriosclerosis
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thickening; loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls
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artherosclerosis
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a form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the buildup of fatty substances that harden within the walls of arteries
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artheromatous plaque
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swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by the building of fat (lipids)
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claudication
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to limp; pain in a limb (especially the calf) while walking that subsides after rest; caused by inadequate blood supply
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constriction
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compression of a part that causes narrowing (stenosis)
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diaphoresis
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profuse sweating (perspiration)
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embolus
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a clot carried in the bloodstream that obstructs the flow of blood when it lodges
(embolous = a stopper) |
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heart murmur
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abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves
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infarct
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to stuff; a localized area of necrosis
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ischemia
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to hold back blood; decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occlusion of a blood vessel
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perfusion deficit
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lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion
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occlusion
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plugging; an obstruction or a closing off
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palpitation
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subjective experience of pounding, skipping, or racing heartbeats
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stenosis
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condition of narrowing a joint
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thrombus
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a stationary blood clot
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vegetation
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to grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally as a result of infection
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acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
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signs and symptoms indicating an active process of artherosclerotic plaque buildup or formation of a thrombus, or spasm within a coronary artery, causing a reduction or loss of blood flow to the myocardial tissue; includes unstable angina and other pathological events leading to myocardial infarction (MI); early diagnosis and rapid treatment are critical to avoid or minimize damage to the heart muscle
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arrhythmia
dysrhythmia |
any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat
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bradycardia
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slow heart rate (less than 60 beats/minute)
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fibrillation
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chaotic, irregular contracts of the heart, as in atrial or ventricular fibrillation
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premature ventricular contraction (PVC)
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a ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse initiated by the SA node (pacemaker)
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tachycardia
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fast heart rate
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bacterial endocariditis
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a bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the heart valves
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cardiac tamponade
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compression of the heart produced by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac, as results from pericarditis or trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel within the heart
(tampon = a plug) |
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cardiomypathy
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a general term for disease of the heart muscle, such as alcoholic cadiomyopathy (damage to the heart muscle caused by excessive consumption of alcohol)
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congenital anomaly of the heart
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malformations of the heart that are present at birth
(congenital = born with anomaly = irregularity) |
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atrial septal defect (ASD)
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an opening in the septum separating the atria
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coarctation of the aorta
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narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta, resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower party of the body
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patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
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an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth (patent = open)
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ventricular septal defect (VSD)
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an opening in the septum separating the ventricles
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congestive heart failure (CHF)
left ventricular failure |
failure of the left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in a "bottleneck" of congestion in the lungs that may extend to the veins, causing edema in lower portions of the body
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cor pulmonale
right ventricle failure |
enlargement of the right ventricle, resulting from chronic disease within the lungs.that causes congestion within the pulmonary circulation and resistance of blood flow to the lungs
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coronary artery disease (CAD)
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a condition affecting arteries of the heart that reduces the flow of blood and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium; most often caused by atherosclerosis
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hypertension (HTN)
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persistently high blood pressure
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essential hypertension
primary hypertension |
high blood pressure attributed to no single cause; risks include smoking, obesity, increased salt intake, hypercholesterolemia, and hereditary factors
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secondary hypertension
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high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease
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mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
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protrution of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and back flow of blood
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myocardial infarction (MI)
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heart attack; death of myocardial tissue (infarction) caused by ischemia (loss of blood flow) as a result of an occlusion (plugging) of a coronary artery; usually caused by artherosclerosis; symptoms include pain in the chest or upper body (shoulders, neck, and jaw), shortness of breath, diaphoresis, and nausea
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myocarditis
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inflammation of myocardium; most often cuased by viral or bacterial infection
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pericarditis
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inflammation of the pericardium
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rheumatic heart disease
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damage to heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever (a stretococcal infection)
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sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)
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the abrupt cessation of any cardiac output (CO), most commonly as the result of ventricular fibrillation; causes sudden death unless defibrillation is initiated immediately
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deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
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formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occurnig most often ni the femoral and iliac veins
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phlebitis
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inflammation of a vein
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thrombophlebitis
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inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation
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varicose veins
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abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves, most often seen in the legs
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auscultation
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physical examination method of listening to sounds within the body with a stethoscope
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gallop
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abnormal heart sounds that mimics the gait of a horse; related to abnormal ventricular contraction
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electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
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an electrical picture of the heart represented by positive and negative deflections on a graph labeled with the letters P,Q,R,S, and T, which correspond to events of the cardiac cycle
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stress elctrocardiogram (stress ECG/EKG)
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electrocardiogram of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise using a treadmill or ergometer
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Holter ambulatory moniter
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portable electrocardiograph worn by the patient that monitors electrical activity of the heart over 24 hours; useful in detecting periodic abnormalities
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intracardiac electrophysiological study (EPS)
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invasive procedure involving placement of catheter-guided electrodes within the heart to evaluate and map the electrical conduction of cardiac arrhythmias; intracardiac catheter ablation may be performed at the same time to treat the arrhythmia
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intracardiac catheter ablation
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use of radiofrequency waves sent through a catheter within the heart to treat arrhythmias by selectively destroying myocardial tissue at sites that generate abnormal electrical pathways
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magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
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magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and blood vessels for evaluation of pathology
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nuclear medicine imaging
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radionuclide organ imaging of the heart after administratio of radioactive isotopes to visualize structures and to analyze functions
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myocardial radionuclide perfusion scan
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scan of the heart after an intravenous (IV) injection of an isotope as it is absorbed by myocardial cells in proportion to blood flow throughout the heart; useful in evaluating coronary artery disease (CAD)
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multiple-gated acquisiton (MUGA) scan
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nuclear image of the beating heart in motion made as radioactives are injected in the bloodstream and traced through the heart's chambers; useful in evaluating the pumping function of the ventricles
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position-emission tomography (PET) scan of the heart
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use of specialized nuclear isotopes and computed tomographic techniques to produce perfusion (blood flow) images and to study the cellular metabolism of the heart; can be performed at rest or with stress
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radiology
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x-ray imaging
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angiography
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process of x-ray imaging a blood vessel after injection of contrast medium, most commonly after catheter placement
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angiogram
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record obtained by angiography
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coronary angiogram
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x-ray image of the blood vessels of the heart using a catheter to inject contrast
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arteriogram
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x-ray image of a particular artery
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aortogram
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x-ray image of the aorta
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venogram
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x-ray image of a vein
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cardiac catheterization
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introduction of a flexible, narrow tube (or catheter) through a vein or artery into the heart to withdraw samples of blood, to measure pressures within the heart chambers or vessels, and to inject contrast media for fluoroscopic radiography and cine film (motion picture) imaging of the chambers of the heart and coronary arteries; often includes interventional procedures, such as angioplasty and artherectomy
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left heart catheterization
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x-ray imaging of the left ventricular cavity and coronary arteries
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right heart catheterization
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measurement of oxygen saturatioin and pressure readings of hte right side of the heart
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ventriculogram
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x-ray image of the ventricles
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stroke volume (SV)
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measurement of the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle in one contraction
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cardiac output (CO)
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measurement of the amount of blood ejected per minute from either ventricle of the heart
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ejection fraction
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measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction
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computed tomographic angiography (CTA)
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specialized, noninvasive, three-dimensional (E-D) computed tomographic scan of the heart and circulation of the "greater" blood vessels, such as the coronary arteries, aorta, and pulmonary veins; performed with or without contrast
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sonography
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sonographic imaging
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echocardiography (echo)
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recording of sound waves through the heart to evaluate structure and motion
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stress echocardiogram (stress echo)
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echocardiogram of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise or a pharmaceutical agent that produces the effect of exercise stress in patients who are unable to ambulate; useful in detecting conditions such as ischemia or infarction
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transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
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echocardiogram of the heart after placement of an ultrasonic transducer at the end of an endoscope inside the esophagus
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Doppler sonography
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ultrasound technique used to evaluate blood flow to determine the presence of a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or carotid insufficiency, or to determine flow through the heart, chambers, valves, and so on
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coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
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grafting a portion of a blood vessel retrieved from another party of the body (e.g., a length of saphenous vein from the leg or mammary artery from the chest wall) to bypass an occluded coronary artery, restoring circulation to myocardial tissue; the traditional method includes temporary arrest of the heart with circulation (bypass) of the patients' blood through a heart-lung machine during the procedure; an alternative, off-pump approach uses a stabilizer to perform the procedure on the beating heart; the abbreviation CABG is pronounced 'cabbage"
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endarterectomy
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surgical removal of the lining of an artery to clear a blockage caused by a clot or artheroscloeritc plaque buildup
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anastomosis
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opening; the joining of two blood vessels to allow flow from one to the other
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valvuloplasty
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surgical repair of a defective heart valve
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percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
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interventional procedures used to treat coronary artery disease (CAD) performed at the time of cardiac catheterization in a specialized laboratory setting (or "cath lab" instead of the traditional operating room
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angioscopy
vascular endoscopy |
use of a flexible fiberoptic angioscope (accompanied by an irrigation system, camera, video recorder, and monitor) that is guided through a specific blood vessel to visually assess a lesion and to select the mode of therapy
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artherectomy
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excision of artheromatous plaque from within an artery utilizing a device housed in a flexible catheter that selectively cuts away or pulverizes tissue buildup
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
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a method for treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by inserting a specialized catheter with a balloon attachment, then inflating the balloon to dilate and open the narrowed portion of the vessel and restore blood flow to the myocardium; most often includes the placement of a stent
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intravascular stent placement
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implantation of a device used to reinforce the wall of a vessel and assure its patency (openness); most often used to treat a stenosis or a dissection (a split or tear in the wall of a vessel) or to reinforce patency of a vessel after angioplasty
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defibrillation
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termination of ventricular fibrillation by delivering an electrical stimulus to the heart; most commonly, this is done by applying the electrodes of the defibrillator externally to the chest wall, but it can also be performed internally, such as during open heart surgery or via an implanted device
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defibrillator
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device that delivers the electrical stimulus in defibrillation
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cardioversion
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restoration of a fast or irregular heart rate to a normal rhythm, either by pharmaceutical means or by delivery of electrical energy
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implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
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an implanted, battery-operated device with rate-sensing leads; the device monitors cardiac impulses an initiates an electrical stimulus as needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia
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pacemaker
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a device used to treat slow heart rates (bradycardia) by electrically stimulating the hart to contract; most often, it is implanted with lead wires and battery circuitry under the skin, but it can be placed on a temporary basis externally with lead wires inserted into the heart via a vein
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angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
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drug that suppresses the conversion of angiotensin in the blood by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE); used int he treatment of hypertension
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antianginal
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drug that dilates coronary arteries, restoring oxygen to the tissues to relieve the pain of angina pectoris
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antiarrhythmic
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drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmia
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anticoagulant
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drug that prevents clotting of the blood; commonly used in the treatment of thrombophlebitis and myocardial infaction
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antihypertensive
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drug that lowers blood pressure
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beta-adrenergic blocking agents
beta blockers |
agents that inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity, causing a slowing of electrical conduction and heart rate and a lowering of the pressure within the walls of the vessels; used to treat angina pectoris and hypertension; the Greek letter beta is commonly used in the names of these agents (i.e., beta-blockers)
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calcium-channel blockers
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agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into heart muscle cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for oxygen and nutrients, and relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation; used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension
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cardiotonic
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drug that increase the force of myocardial contractions in the heart; commonly used to treat congestive heart failure (CHF)
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diuretic
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drug that increases the secretion of urine; commonly prescribed in treating hypertension
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hypolipidermic
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drug that reduces serum fat and cholesterol
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thrombolytic agents
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drugs used to dissolve thombi (blood clots) (e.g., streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator used in acute management or myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke; commonly called "clot busters"
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vasoconstrictor
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drug that causes a narrowing of the blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood flow
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vasodilator
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drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow
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