Cardiovascular Nursing 112 Test 2

Front 1

What is the life line for the baby

Back 1

Placenta

Front 2

The fetus has __ umbilical arteries that brings non O2 blood back to the placenta and _ pulmonary vein that brings O2 from the placenta to the fetal body

Back 2

2 1

Front 3

The right side of heart is stronger then the left in the fetus

Back 3

info

Front 4

The first shunt in the fetal blood flow is the ___ ____. It connects the liver and the iferior vena cava.

Back 4

ductus venosus

Front 5

While in the womb the lungs are ____ and ______. They only recieve blood for there own growth.

Back 5

collapsed and nonfunctional

Front 6

The shunt that connects the pulmonary trunk and aorta

Back 6

ductus arteriosus

Front 7

Before birth the pressure in the Right herat is higher than the pressure left heart. The last shunt within the heart lets blood bypass from R atrium to L atrium is the ?

Back 7

foramen ovale

Front 8

After birth we don't need shunts anhymore because infant ____ own blood, The placenta is gone and the ___ metabolizes own blood

Back 8

oxygenates, liver

Front 9

In infancy, the size of the heart in relation to the toatl body size is larger?

Back 9

True

Front 10

Th R side of the fetal heart is thicker than the L

Back 10

True

Front 11

After birth the L ventricle becomes thicker then the R ventricle walls

Back 11

true

Front 12

L coronary arter, to anterior descending artery, to circumflex artery.

Back 12

R Coronary artery to R marginal, to posterior descending artery

Front 13

The volume of blood ejected by the heart in one minute. Beats per minute x Stroke Volume

Back 13

Cardiac output

Front 14

The amount of blood ejected by the heart in one contraction

Back 14

stroke vollume

Front 15

Heavy exercising heart can pump out __ liters of blood in a minute

Back 15

25

Front 16

A healthy man will put out __ccs of blood in one heart beat

Back 16

70

Front 17

Right sided heart caths are ____ and L sided heart caths are ____

Back 17

venous, arterial

Front 18

Most common side of heart cath for kids is _ ___ heart cath because it can go thru the shunt.

Back 18

R Sidede

Front 19

What does PaO2 stand for?
What does SaO2 stand for?
when giving O2 for saturation only go up __ liter at a time

Back 19

Pressure of O2
Saturation of O2
1/2

Front 20

On catheritization site for legs. Need to keep legs straight, make sure there is ___ at catheterization site. _ hours for venous. _ hours for arterial

Back 20

clotting. 4. 6

Front 21

Two types of heart disases one is ___ and one is ____

Back 21

congenital, aquired

Front 22

Prenatal factors of Congenital heart disease for babies:
Maternal RAAD

Back 22

rubella, alcoholism, age over 30, diabetes

Front 23

A family history of having CHD will increase the chances of having a baby with CHD?

Back 23

True

Front 24

Genetic factors of CHD
Trisomy 21
girls have only X chromosome
boys have XXY chromosome
defect in chromsome 22 defects the thyroid and parathyroid
Autosomal dominant. Long face arms bones

Back 24

downs
turner and klinefelters
digeorge
marfan

Front 25

Classifications of CHD:
L to R shunting, Stenoitc lesions, Cianotic lesions with decreased pulmonary blood flow, Cyanotic lesions with increased pulmonary blood flow

Back 25

info

Front 26

The inability to maintain cardiac output sufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the body

Back 26

Pediatric congestive heart failure

Front 27

Pediactric CHF occurs most frequently __ to congenital heart defects in which there is structural abnormalities. This results in _____volume or _____ pressure on the ventricles.

Back 27

2, increased increased

Front 28

Goals for treatment of CHF:
____ cardiac funciton we give ____ and ace inhibitors such as any of the ____. These have a vasodialatation effect. Slow the heart beat and pumps out more blood

Back 28

improve. Digoxin. Prils

Front 29

when giving Dig to peds never give if ↓ __ for infants or ↓ __ for children

Back 29

90-110
70

Front 30

Goals for treatment of CHF:
____ accumulated fluid: we give diuretics like: ____ diuril, aldactone, bumex, zaroxlyn. Fluid restrictions and sodium restrictions

Back 30

remove. lasix

Front 31

Goals for treatment of CHF:
____ cardiac demand. Prevent cold stress in infants, treat infections, reduce the effort of breathing, provid rest

Back 31

decrease

Front 32

Goals for treatment of CHF:
____ tissue oxygenation. Cool humidified O2, o2 hood for younger infants, nasal canula or face tent for older

Back 32

improve

Front 33

an arterial o2 pressure (PaO2) that is less than normal and can be identified by a decreased arterial o2 saturation (SaO2) meaning there is not enough oxygen in the blood

Back 33

hypoxemia

Front 34

Pao2 in adult/child 80-100
newborn 60-70
SaO2 in adult/child 95-100
newborn 40-90

Back 34

info

Front 35

An increase in the number or red blood cells due to a cyanotic heart disease

Back 35

Polycythemia

Front 36

When kids ___ this may be a sign of chronic hypoxemia. they are doing this because of their heart. By doing this it slows the venous return of blood from the lower exteremeties and increases systemic vascular resistance.

Back 36

Squatting

Front 37

Clubbing of finger results from chronic ____

Back 37

hypoxemia

Front 38

This is CH defect that results in High pressure O2 flowing into the pulmonary arter through this shunt that does not close. The reason for cloisn this hunt is the increased levels of O2 in the blood and decreased protaglandin hormone.

a) atrial septal defect b. Patent ductus arteriosus c. ventricular septal defect d. atrioventricular septal defect

Back 38

patent ductus arteriosus

Front 39

These symptoms are of which congenital heart problem:
asymtomatic or show signs of CHF. Characteristic machiner-like murmur . widened pulse pressure. Bounding pulses. Heart can be enlarged on Xray and infant will have tachypnea, poor feeding and weight gain. Frequent respiratory tract infections and fatigue

a) atrial septal defect b. Patent ductus arteriosus c. ventricular septal defect d. atrioventricular septal defect

Back 39

Patent ductus arteriosus

Front 40

Treatment fo this CH problem:
indomethacin (indocin) Inhibits prostaglandin in the system.
digoxin and diuretics to control CHF
conserve energy and prevent exposure to respiratory infections
heart cath
Surgical Treatment-visual assisted thoracoscopic surgery (vats)

a) atrial septal defect b. Patent ductus arteriosus c. ventricular septal defect d. atrioventricular septal defect

Back 40

patent ductus arteriosus

Front 41

this is the abnormal opening b/t the atria, allowing blood from the high-pressure left atrium to flow into the lower pressure Right atrium.

a) atrial septal defect b. Patent ductus arteriosus c. ventricular septal defect d. atrioventricular septal defect

Back 41

atrial septal defect

Front 42

Atrial septal defect happens in females more than males?

Back 42

true

Front 43

S/S of this CH defect:
may be asymptomatic
recurrent respiratory infections
may develop congestive heart failure
mumur
atrial arrhythmias have been reported
vi. medical management

a) atrial septal defect b. Patent ductus arteriosus c. ventricular septal defect d. atrioventricular septal defect

Back 43

Atrial septal defect

Front 44

an abnormal opening b/t the R and L ventricles, which can vary in size from a small pin hole to complete absence of the septum which can result in on common ventricle

a) atrial septal defect b. Patent ductus arteriosus c. ventricular septal defect d. atrioventricular septal defect

Back 44

ventricular septal defect

Front 45

S/s of this CH defect?
murmur congestive heart failure may occur, poor feeding and failure to thrive in infants

a) atrial septal defect b. Patent ductus arteriosus c. ventricular septal defect d. atrioventricular septal defect

Back 45

Ventricular septal defect

Front 46

medical management
treat CHF with dig and diuretics
nutritional supplements to increase calories
cardiac catheterization
surgical treatment: patch closure, banding- placed around the pulmonary artery

a) atrial septal defect b. Patent ductus arteriosus c. ventricular septal defect d. atrioventricular septal defect

Back 46

ventricular septal defect

Front 47

The septal defect where there is nothing between the atrium and the ventricles.

Back 47

atrioventricular septal defe t

Front 48

This is the obstruction of blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. S/s are asymptomatic, mild cyanosis, CHF.

Pulmonary or aortic stenosis

Back 48

pulmonary stenosis

Front 49

Treatment of _____ stenosis is non sugiclal which is a balloon angioplasty, R side heart cath, which stretches the pulmonary valve and they there is surgery which has high mortality rate.

Back 49

Pulmonary

Front 50

this is the narrowing or stricture of the aortic valve causing a resistance to the blood flow in the left ventricle and decreased output

Pulmonary or aortic stenosis

Back 50

aortic stenosis

Front 51

s/s of this stenosis is L ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary congestion, chest pain, dizziness, syncope

Pulmonary or aortic stenosis

Back 51

aortic stenosis

Front 52

this is the localized narrowing near the insertion of the ductus arteriosus resulting in increased pressure proximal to the defect ( head and upper extremities) and decreased pressures distal to the obstruction (body and lower extremities)

Back 52

coarctation of the aorta

Front 53

Three cyanotic lesions:
ToF
TA
PA with intact ventricular septum

Back 53

Tetralogy of Fallot
Tricuspid atresia
Pulmonary atresia

Front 54

The classic form of this cyanotic lesion is :
ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, Right ventricular hypertrophy.

Back 54

Tetralogy of Fallot

Front 55

Tetraology of Fallot happens in 5 to 10% of people

Back 55

Info

Front 56

This cyanotic lesion is when the tricuspid valve is closed. The foramen ovum shunt comes in hand and a ventricular septal defect is also good for this

Back 56

tricuspid atresia

Front 57

This is when the pulmonary valve is shut off.

Back 57

pulmonary atresia

Front 58

This defect is when the pulmonary artery and aorta become one. With a VSD

Back 58

truncus arteriosis

Front 59

This defect is the underdevelopment of the left side of the heart.
1% of CHD is this
cardiac surgery a must or transplant
small survival rate of 50% after the 4 year operation

Back 59

hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Front 60

This is when the aorta is off the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery is off the left ventricle

Back 60

transposition of the great arteries

Front 61

cardiac surgery and care: ___ child and family to the ICU, and surgery room. Provide post operative care:observe VS and A/V pressures. Provide comfort. Hourly I&O, observe fo CHF, dysrhytmias, infection,

Back 61

introduce

Front 62

An infection of the valves and inner lining of the heart which can be caused by bacteria, fungi, or a virus. Strep, staph, fungus. Unexplained -grade fever, anorexia, nausea, fatigue, heart murmur

Back 62

endocarditis

Front 63

an autoimmune inflammatory condition that effects the heart, joints, subcutaneous tissue, brain and blood vessels. Most serious complicatoin of having damage to the heart valve, shows up after 2 weeks of having strep.

Back 63

Rheumatic fever

Front 64

S/S of Rheumatic fever:
Carditis- Inflammation of _____
chorea ____ movements of the legs arms and face
Erythema marginatum-rash
Sucutaneous nodules

Penicilin treatments, seizure precautions. These people can be on antibiotics for 5-10 years. Massage and heat and cold treatments

Back 64

endocardium, jerky

Front 65

an acute systemic vasculitis of unknown causes. Triggered by an accute infection, seen in kids at 5 or younger. Effects boys more than girls. If not taken care of kids get coronary artery aneurysms

Back 65

kawasaki disease

Front 66

Three stages:
acute last 10-14 days
sub acute Lasts from 15-25 days
final

Back 66

kawaskai disease

Front 67

Managment of kawaski disease is directed toward ____ coronary artery damage

Back 67

Preventing

Front 68

These are white lines going across the finger naile

Back 68

Beau's lines

Front 69

This is defined as an average systolic and/or diastolic BP that exceeds or is equal to the 95th percentile for the age, height and sexo on the basis of measurements obtained on at 3 occassions

Back 69

hypertension

Front 70

There are two categories of hypertesnion _____ or idiopathic and ____ symptoms of underlying disease

Back 70

primary. Secondary

Front 71

These are abnormalities of the myocardium in which the cardiac muslces' ability to contract is impaired

Back 71

Cardiomyopathy

Front 72

types of cardiomyopathies:
Ventricle dilation
increase in heart muscle mass
impared ventricle filling

a dilated cardiomyopathy b. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
c. restrictive cardiomyopathy

Back 72

dilated cardiomyopathy
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
restrictive cardiomyopathy

Front 73

This dysrhythmia is a narrow QRS pattern.. Rates can be in the 220-300 beats/min range

Back 73

supraventricular tachycardia

Front 74

This dysrhythmia impulse originates in the ventricle

Back 74

ventricular tachycardia

Front 75

Slow heart rate

Back 75

brady cardia

Front 76

Electrical cardiac activity is absent

Back 76

asystole

Front 77

rapid and ineffective contractions of the ventricles

Back 77

Ventricular fibrillation

Front 78

Children should limit their intake of saturated fat to less than __% of total daily calories and reduce cholsterol intake to less than 200 mg/day. 2-19 yoa cholseterol should be <170

Back 78

7

Front 79

Dysplasia of the hip is ball and socket. The Head of the femur is the ___ and the socket is called

Back 79

ball, acetabulum

Front 80

This is diagnosing Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip.
Manuever leg in and down.
Manuever leg out and up.

a. ortolanis b. barlows

Back 80

B
A

Front 81

abnormal development of tissue?

Back 81

dyspasia

Front 82

unstable hip- femoral head remains in the acetabulum. doesn’t have the curve it should
preluxation subluxation dislocation

Back 82

preluxation

Front 83

the most common form of dysplasia. partial or incomplete dislocation of the hip
preluxation subluxation dislocation

Back 83

subluxation

Front 84

a condition in which the head of the femur is improperly seated in the acetabulm of the pelvis

Back 84

Developmental dysplasia of the hip

Front 85

This is the first initial treatment of DDH. It is a harness that maintains hip in flexion. It is successful in treating 90-95% of patients. Harness is worn from 6 to 12 weeks

Back 85

Pavlik harness

Front 86

Spica cast is the last ___ in DDH. Spica cast is used till 6 difficult between 4 and 6. After 6 it is just surgery

Back 86

resort

Front 87

what are these signs of
fixed plantar flexion of the ankle
adduction or turning in of the heel or hindfoot
adduction of the forefoot and midfoot

Back 87

Clubfoot

Front 88

Management of club foot is _____ of the deformity, ____ of correction until normal muscle balance is gained, ___ up observation to avert possible recurrence of deformity

Back 88

correction, maintenance, follow

Front 89

talipes equinovarus is ___ ___

Back 89

club foot

Front 90

Pigeon toed, most common congenital deformity there is. Treatment involves simple stretching and manipulation exercises.

Back 90

metatarsus adductus

Front 91

an acquired defect characterized by loss of circulation to the head of the femur. most common in boys ages 4-10. Damage to the blood supply results in bone death to the head of femur

Back 91

legg-calve perthes disease

Front 92

This isrefers to the outward curvature of the thoracic spine.

Back 92

kyphotic

Front 93

this reers to the inward curve of the lumbar spine

Back 93

lordotic

Front 94

this refers to the sideways curvature of the spine

Back 94

soliotic

Front 95

This is the convex curvature of the spine. Shermans disease
Lordosis, kyphosis or scholiosis

Back 95

kyphosis

Front 96

Brace is neded for a curve greater than 60 degrees, exercise and surgery can correct it.
Lordosis, kyphosis or scholiosis

Back 96

Kyphos

Front 97

concave curvature of the spine
can be caused secondary to trauma
can be caused by MS, or polio. secondary complication
see lordosis with obesity and pregno
treamtnet is exercises to strengthen muscles
can use support garments to support back

Back 97

lordosis

Front 98

1st most common cause is idiopathic
congenital- results of birth anomalies
paralytic- result of neuromuscular disease
functional other form of deformity

Lordosis, kyphosis or scholiosis

Back 98

scoliosis

Front 99

The cob angle- measgurement of angles for which curvature of he spine.
Lordosis, kyphosis or scholiosis

Back 99

scoliosis

Front 100

Treatment for which Lordosis, kyphosis or scholiosis.
Milwaukee boston brace, electrical stimulation.

Back 100

scoliosis

Front 101

This is when the head, or the ball of the thigh bone slips off the neck of hte thigh bone. It is described as a scoop of ice cream slipping off the top of a cone.

Back 101

Slipped capital femoral ephiphysis

Front 102

Ligaments are stretched, partially or completely torn
strain or sprain

Back 102

sprain

Front 103

excessive stretch of hte muscle
strain or sprain

Back 103

strain

Front 104

Occurs when soft tissue, muslce or subQ tissues are damaged.
contusion or dislocation

Back 104

Contusion

Front 105

this occurs when a joint is disrupted in such a way that articulating surfaces are no longer in contact.
Contusion, dislocation

Back 105

dislocation

Front 106

a. bilateral knee pain while running jumping climbing. Some call it jumpers knee
b. due to repetitive and overuse of muscles and tendons. Usually occurs when 8 and 16 yoa. Overuse of muscles and tendons. Overuse causes tendon to be inflamed. Tendonitis. Treatment is conservative, ace wraps. ice and heat. Disappears with then end of growth spurts.

Back 106

osgood-schlatter disease

Front 107

a. brittle bone disease
b. inherited autosomal dominant trait.. have to have one abnormal gene from one parent.
c. characterized by connective tissue and bone defects in the body. affects 1 and 20000 babies.

Back 107

osteogenesis imperfecta

Front 108

In osteogensis imperfecta, maintain integrity of the bone they already have, ROM and ___ care. No cure for this condition. medciation is boniva

Back 108

skin

Front 109

This is infection of the bone usually caused by staph. you will see pain, fever, chills, tiredness. Treatment will depend on severity

Back 109

Osteomyelitis

Front 110

This term refers to diseases that affect themuscles, tendons, joints boines or nerves

Back 110

Rheumatoid

Front 111

This is the inflammation of snyovial membrane ( the linine of hte joints, such as the knees or knuckles.

Back 111

Arthritis

Front 112

In rhumetoid arthritis the ___ is attaking itself. This is a ___ condition (life long), but can go into ____. The cause is unknown but is believed to be autoimmunal. ___ is the test to see if you ahve it.

Back 112

body. Chronis, remission. ESR

Front 113

A gorpu of chronic muscle disorders characterized by progressive weakening and wasting of the skeltel or voluntary msucles.

Back 113

Muscular dystrophy

Front 114

This is the most common form of muscular dystrophy. Primarily effects boys. caused by absence of protein dystrophine that is used in maintaining integriy of muscles

Back 114

duschenne

Front 115

This muscular dyshrophy is caused by a defective gene on the X chromosome, mening tha tonly guys can get it. A protein dystrophin is missing

Back 115

duchenne

Front 116

This muscular dystrophy is an abnormal gene that can affect both guys and girls. The disease typically begins during the teens or early adulthood. Muscles of hte face and shoulders are always affected, and may have difficulty rasing arms, whistling or tightly closing their eyes.

Back 116

Fascioscapulohumeral

Front 117

This muscular dystrophy affects muscles around the shoulders and upper arms and around the hips and thighs. Weakness of proximal muscles of pelvic and shoulder girdls

Back 117

limp girdle

Front 118

This is a chronic, non-pgressive disorder of posture and movement cauesd by neurologic damage. Walking is delayed- scissor gait, slured speech dealy in obtaining sphinctor control

Back 118

cerebral palsy

Front 119

Classifications of CP what part of the brain
Spastic
- hypertonicity
-poor control
Cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum

Back 119

cortex

Front 120

Classifications of CP what part of the brain
athetoid (dyskinetic) wormlike, writhing movements, drooling and speech difficulties
Cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum

Back 120

basal ganglia

Front 121

Classifications of CP what part of the brain
wide based gait poor motor control
Cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum

Back 121

cerebeluum

Front 122

what is it called when the either the arms are effected or legs effect.

Back 122

diplegia

Front 123

one side of the body is effected

Back 123

hemiplegia

Front 124

all limbs are affected

Back 124

quadriplegia

Front 125

This is the congenital defect (nerual tube) of the spine. where the spin is not totally inclosed

Back 125

spinal bifida

Front 126

This is congential defect whent he spine is hidden with a tuft of hair a tht bottom of the spine but the spine is not totally enclosed

Back 126

spinal bifida occulta

Front 127

This is the type of spinal bifida when there is a cyst outside of the body.

Back 127

spinal bifida cystica

Front 128

this type of spinal bifida cystica is when the cyst that is outside the body.. inside that sac is spinal cord fluid. the meninges is outside the body.

Back 128

meningocele

Front 129

this type of spinal bifida cystica is when the portion of the spinal cord and spinal nerves is in the sac. This is the ultimate worst. cause is unknown

Back 129

myelomeningocele

Front 130

an ____ is performed at 16 to 18 weeks to determin alpha fetal protein. If there is alot of this in the amniotic fluid then the baby will have spinal bifida

Back 130

amniocentesis

Front 131

The most common abdominal emergency to affect children ↓ 2yoa

Back 131

intussusception

Front 132

This happens when one segment of the bowel telescopes into the adjacent segment of intestine. LIke the terminal ileum goes into the ascennding colong thru the illeal cecal valve. It is suggested that possible connection to the viruses they catch during the spring and fall season

Back 132

intussusception

Front 133

IN intusseption. the bowel press against each other and compromise the blood and lymph flow.

Back 133

info

Front 134

The definitive test in an intussusception is a ___ ____

Back 134

barium enema

Front 135

This is called congenital aganglionic megacolon. This is a motility disorder of the bowel cuased by the absence of the _____ ____ ___ in the large intestine. without these cells it prevents ____ there for leading to a bowel obstruction. This is called

Back 135

never cells. peristalisis. Hirschsprung disease

Front 136

In herschsprung disease the primary manifestation of a newborn is the failure to pass ______.

Back 136

maconium

Front 137

the procedure for hirschsprung disease is called _____ ____ pull through

Back 137

laparoscopic-assisted

Front 138

The origin of the anus and rectum is an embryonic structure called the ____

Back 138

choaca

Front 139

this is when the rectum and anus do not form a passage to the outside of hte body. Low defects vary from a normal appearig anus to a thin anal membrane to a deep anal dimple.

Back 139

anorectal malformation

Front 140

Low defects of the anorectal formation is corrected by creasting an ____. High malformations are a 2 stage repair

Back 140

anus

Front 141

This is the most common condition rquiring abdominal surgerin in children. This is the most frequent subject of malpractice suids and the 5th most expensive source of claims for ED physicians

Back 141

appendicitius

Front 142

when appendicitus is suspected if the childrey are hungery chances are the don't have appendicitis

Back 142

info

Front 143

A positive ____ ____ is the senseation of sever pain that occurs after dep pressure is applied

Back 143

mcburney's point

Front 144

Mcburneys point is in between the ____ and the anterior superiour ____ spine

Back 144

umilicus and iliac

Front 145

Two things that should not be done when appendicitis is suspected

Back 145

enema and heating pad

Front 146

what are the two inflammatory bowel diseases called.

Back 146

uclerative colitis and chrons disease

Front 147

ulcerative colitis includes the inflammation of the ___ and ____ and CD involves ___

Back 147

mucosa and submucosa.. ALL layers

Front 148

irritable bowel syndrome is commonly known as ___ ___

Back 148

spastic colon

Front 149

In IBS having a ___ ___ will relieve pain

Back 149

bowel movement

Front 150

infections gastroenteritis is caused by usually a ___ origin

Back 150

viral

Front 151

This is the intolerance to digest lactose a diasscharide

Back 151

lactose intolerance

Front 152

The enzyme that is required to absorb lactose

Back 152

lactase

Front 153

Lactose intolerance is usually diagonosed by using a ____ ___ test

Back 153

hydogen breath test

Front 154

This disease is known as gluten-sensitive enteropathy. A disorder to intolerance to gluten the protein componenet of wheat barley rye and oates

Back 154

celiac disase

Front 155

The harmful protein in gluten is _____

Back 155

gliadin

Front 156

Celiac disease causes damage to the vili of hte smal intestine. Fat aborption is impaired followd by protein, carbs and fat soluble vitamines which are.

Back 156

adek

Front 157

A life threatening condition of preterm neonates is characterized by necrosis of hte mucosa of the small and large intestine, most frequently the distal ilium and proximal colong.

Back 157

necrotizing enterocolitis.