Cardiopulm - Cardiovascular A&p

Front 1

• How is EF calculated? What are normal values?
  
• What are the three general determinants of SV? What determines each?

Back 1

• EF = SV (70 mL)/EDV (100 mL) = ~60-70%
  
• Preload (EDV, which depends on venous return)
• Afterload (vascular resistance)
• Contractility (via SNS)

Front 2

What are the primary determinants of heart rate? What are determinants of each?

Back 2

• Intrinsic system (automaticity, rhythmicity, intercalated discs)
• PSNS (ACh release, Vagal tone)
• SNS (NE release via nerves, E via adrenal glands)
• Chemical and hormonal responses

Front 3

• What rate does the SA node fire at? AV node? Purkinje Fibers?
• What kind of vessels are large arteries referred to as?
• What kind of vessels are arterioles? How do they compare to arteries?
• What kind of vessels are veins? What are 2 features?

Back 3

• SA = 60-100 bpm, AV = 40-60 bpm, Purkinje = 20-40 bpm
• Distribution vessels
• Resistance vessels; lower radius, less elasticity, 1º determinants of vascular resistance
• Capacitance vessels (1-way flow, requires extravascular compression)

Front 4

• How do arterioles change flow? How are they controlled?

• What are pre-capillary sphincters?
• How do they behave?

Back 4

• Bunches of smooth muscle at the junction of arterioles and capillaries
• They contract at rest to restrict local blood flow and open during exercise to increase local blood flow

Front 5

How does the SNS effect blood circulation?

Back 5

• Triggers release of NE from nerves and E from adrenals
• Increases HR and contractility
• General vasoconstriction (though overridden in coronary circulation and locally at areas of high metabolism)

Front 6

What are three factors affecting coronary circulation?

Back 6

1. ↑ local metabolism leads to vasodilation
2. ↑ HR leads to ↓ filling time, ↓ circulation because coronary arteries are blocked during systole
3. SNS (overridden by local metabolism, but it still factors in)

Front 7

• What is considered normal BP?
  
• Pre-hypertension
  
• Stage I hypertension
  
• Stage II hypertension
  

Back 7

• Both SBP: <120 and DBP: <80
• SBP: >120-140 or DBP: 80-89
• SBP: > 140-159 or DBP: 90-99
• SBP: >160 or DBP: >100

Front 8

• How is the Valsalva maneuver performed?
• How does this change intrathoracic pressure?
• How does this impact blood flow?
• How does this affect SV and BP?
• What is classified as orthostatic hypotension?

Back 8

• Maximal activation of expiratory muscles vs. closed glottis
• Drastically increases intrathoracic pressure
• ↓ venous return due to collapsed IVC
• Leads to ↓ preload, leading to ↓ SV and BP
• >20 mmHG drop in either SBP or DBP in response to position change