Cardiac Anatomy

Front 1

What makes up the Cardiovascular (CV) System?

Back 1

blood, heart, & blood vessels

Front 2

What is the heart & it's function?

Back 2

the pump that circulates the blood through approx. 60,000 mi of blood vessels

Front 3

What is the study of the normal heart and the diseases associated with it?

Back 3

Cardiology

Front 4

Describe the positioning of the heart in anatomical terms.

Back 4

medial to the two lungs, posterior to the sternum, anterior to the vertebral column, & superior to the diaphragm

Front 5

In what area is the heart situated?

Back 5

The mediastinum

Front 6

What 2 rigid structures does the heart lie between?

Back 6

The sternum and the vertebral column

Front 7

What does external compression on the chest do in the CV system?

Back 7

It forces the bood out of the heart and into circulation

Front 8

What structure encloses the heart and holds it in place?

Back 8

The pericardium

Front 9

What are the 2 kinds of pericardium?

Back 9

Fibrous & Serous Pericardium

Front 10

Which kind of pericardium is on the inner surface?

Back 10

Serous Pericardium

Front 11

Which kind of pericardium is on the outer surface?

Back 11

Fibrous Pericardium

Front 12

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

Back 12

It anchors the heart to the diaphragm

Front 13

What 2 layers make up the serous pericardium?

Back 13

The parietal and visceral layer

Front 14

What is found between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium?

Back 14

the pericardial cavity

Front 15

What is contained in the pericardial cavity and what is its function?

Back 15

Pericardial fluid; and it is used to reduce friction between the 2 layers of the serious membrane (parietal & visceral)

Front 16

What is considered to be the "epicardium?"

Back 16

The VISCERAL SEROUS pericardium

Front 17

In which chamber of the heart is the myocardial layer thicker, and why?

Back 17

The left ventricle because it WORKS HARDER (right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, which are closer in proximity than the areas the left ventricle pumps blood to)

Front 18

What is inflammation of the layers of the pericardium known as?

Back 18

pericarditis (-itis = inflammation)

Front 19

What pain accompanies pericarditis? What is this pain like? What eases it, and what makes it worse?

Back 19

CHEST PAIN; it is a sharp pain that is exacerbated by inhaling (makes it worse), and improves when sitting up and leaning forward.

Front 20

What is pericardial effusion?

Back 20

an abnormal amount of fluid located within the pericardial cavity

Front 21

What can cause pericardial effusion?

Back 21

Pericardial effusion can either be caused by an increased amount of the normal pericardial fluid, or from a different type of fluid, such as blood from a bleeding vessel.

Front 22

What effect does a large pericardial effusion have on the myocardium?

Back 22

A large pericardial effusion results in COMPRESSION of the myocardium.

Front 23

Why does a large pericardial effusion result in compression of the myocardium?

Back 23

the fibrous pericardium does not allow outward expansion of the fluid collection

Front 24

When a large pericardial effusion occurs, it can potentially collapse the heart chambers. What condition results in this occurring?

Back 24

Cardiac tamponade

Front 25

What is cardiac tamponade?

Back 25

the compression of the heart by an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac

Front 26

Epicardium is also called the ______________ layer of the _____________ pericardium.

Back 26

visceral; serious

Front 27

How many layers does the wall of the heart have?

Back 27

3

Front 28

What are the 3 layers of the wall of the heart?

Back 28

Epicardium, Myocardium, and Endocardium

Front 29

Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the pumping action of the heart?

Back 29

myocardium

Front 30

Describe cardiac muscle tissue.

Back 30

Involuntary control, striated, branched; less SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum), comparitively

Front 31

What is the significance of cardiac muscle fibers having less SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum)?

Back 31

they require Ca from extracellular fluid (ECF) for contractions

Front 32

What connects cardiac muscle fibers to neighboring muscle cells?

Back 32

intercalated discs

Front 33

What do intercalated disc do?

Back 33

connect neighboring cardiac muscle fibers

Front 34

What 2 types of cell junctions are within intercalated discs?

Back 34

Desmosomes & Gap junctions

Front 35

What are desmosomes and what do they do?

Back 35

cell junctions that are specialized for cell-to-cell anchoring ("spot-welds")

Front 36

What are gap junctions and what do they do?

Back 36

cell junctions that allow for rapid propagation of action potentials (APs), thus permitting multiple fibers to work together as a functional unit.

Front 37

What are the muscular ridges within the ventricles that crisscross and project into the heart chamber?

Back 37

trabeculae carneae

Front 38

What are trabeculae carneae?

Back 38

muscular ridges within the ventricles that crisscross and project into the heart chamber

Front 39

What can help you differentiate the ventricles in lab?

Back 39

the trabeculae carneae

Front 40

What is the thin layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the inside of myocardium?

Back 40

Endocardium

Front 41

What is the layer of simple squamous epithelium that covers the four heart valves and their associated heart strings?

Back 41

Endothelium

Front 42

Describe the endothelium layer of the heart wall.

Back 42

It is the thin layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the inside fo the myocardium and covers the four heart valves and their associated heart strings. It is continuous with endothelium (which lines blood vessels)

Front 43

What is inflammation of the pericardium called?

Back 43

Pericarditis

Front 44

What is inflammation of the myocardium called?

Back 44

Myocarditis

Front 45

What is the inflammation of the endocardium called?

Back 45

Endocarditis

Front 46

Which layer, if inflamed, usually involves at least one of the heart valves?

Back 46

the endocardium layer

Front 47

What is the draining of pericardial fluid by needle called?

Back 47

Pericardiocentesis

Front 48

What are the chambers of the heart?

Back 48

2 atria (L&R) and 2 ventricles (L&R)

Front 49

On which chamber of the heart is there the "right auricle?"

Back 49

Right Atrium

Front 50

What are auricles?

Back 50

small pouches on the anterior surface of each ATRIUM

Front 51

What is the significance of auricles?

Back 51

They slightly increase the capacity of each atrium

Front 52

What does the actual word "auricle" mean?

Back 52

ear

Front 53

Where does the right atrium receive blood from?

Back 53

The superior and inferior vena cava (SVC & IVC) and from the coronary sinus

Front 54

What separates the right and left atria?

Back 54

the interatrial septum

Front 55

what is the oval depression on the interatrial septum called?

Back 55

fossa ovalis

Front 56

What is the fossa ovalis a remnant of? Desribe that structure.

Back 56

IT is a remnant of the fetal FORAMEN OVALE - which is the "oval hole" ocated within the interatrial septum of the fetal heart, which usually closes at birth.

Front 57

What if the fossa ovalis doesn't close at birth? What next?

Back 57

If the foramen ovale remains open, it is a pathological condition known as a patent foramen ovale (PFO). (patent=open or obstructed). Some PFOs close spontaneously. Some, depending on the size, need to be closed surgically.

Front 58

Through what structures does blood pass from the right atrium into the right ventricle?

Back 58

The TRICUSPID VALVE

Front 59

What forms most of the anterior surface of the heart?

Back 59

the RIGHT VENTRICLE

Front 60

What surface of the heart does the right ventricle form?

Back 60

The ANTERIOR surface.

Front 61

Through what structure does blood pass from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk?

Back 61

via the PULMONARY VALVE

Front 62

What is the significance of the pulmonary valve?

Back 62

blood passes from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk via the pulmonary valve.

Front 63

What is the significance of the tricuspid valve?

Back 63

blood passes from the right atrium to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve

Front 64

What structures are in the left and right ventricles specifically? (There are 3)

Back 64

1) trabeculae carneae,
2) chordae tendineae, and
3) papillary muscles

Front 65

What does the left atrium recieve blood from?

Back 65

The 4 pulmonary veins

Front 66

Where do the 4 pulmonary veins come from?

Back 66

2 come from each lung

Front 67

Through what valve does blood pass from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

Back 67

the BICUSPID valve

Front 68

What is the significance of the bicuspid valve?

Back 68

blood passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle via the bicuspid valve

Front 69

Through what valve does blood pass from the left ventricle into the aorta?

Back 69

through the AORTIC VALVE

Front 70

What is the significance of the aortic valve?

Back 70

blood passes from the left ventricle into the aorta via the aortic valve

Front 71

Draw <3 diagram.

Back 71

no really, do it on a piece of paper now.

Front 72

Draw ~Coronary Circulation~ Diagram.

Back 72

Do it meow.