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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Carbohydrates Always contain ___ and ___ atoms |
carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)
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Monosaccharides:
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simple sugars: glucose (most important), ribose, fructose, galactose
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Disaccharides: two monosaccharides join
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•(lactose=glucose+galactose)
•(sucrose=glucose+fructose) •(maltose=glucose+glucose) |
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Polysaccharides- are ____ ( ), ____ ( )and ______ ( )
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starch (plants), cellulose (plant structure), glycogen (animals)
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Cellulose:
glycogen: Starch: |
Not digestible by humans
digestible digestible |
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Lipids:
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Contain more energy per gram than other biological molecules and some function well as energy storage mollecules in organisms.
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Lipids do not
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disolve in water
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Lipids contain little _____ and consist mostly of _______ and ______ atoms
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oxygen
carbon hydrogen |
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Most lipids are found in _____ and _____
• Oils are usually of plant origin |
fats and oils
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Fats are usually of _______ origin
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animal
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oils are usally of _____ origin
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plant
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Fats
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Used for long term energy storage
Insulates against heat loss Forms protective cushion around major organs |
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Fat is sometimes referred to as a __________.
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trigliceride
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trigliceride is
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3 fatty acids+1 glycerol=trigliceride+water
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Steroids are considered lipids because they disolve in lipids.
Steroids are made of ___ fused carbon rings. |
4 fused carbon rings
Testosterone, estrogen, cortisone, cholesterol |
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Fatty acids: is a _____ and ______ chain that ends with the acidic group _____.
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carbon hydrogen
COOH |
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Saturated fatty acids:
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have only single covalent bonds because the carbon chain is saturated with all the hydrogens it can hold. This is mostly your lard and buttery
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Unsaturated fatty acids:
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have double bonds between carbon atoms wherever fewer than two hydrogens are bonded to a carbon atom. Mostly vegetable oils or transfats found in processed foods.
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dipeptide=
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two amino acids
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polypeptide=
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many amino acids
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Proteins: perform many functions
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Are the reason we see and taste things differently is because of different DNA
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Protein structures determine the ____ of the molecule and the shape of the molecule determines the ______ of the molecule.
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shape, structure
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When the protein structure, breaks down through heat, agitation or unstable pH it is said to be ________
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denatured
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Amino group and acid group join in a _______ bond
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peptide
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Two amino acids=
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dipeptide
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Many amino acids in a long chain=
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polypeptide
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Primary structure:
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peptide chain
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Secondary structure:
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helical winding
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Teriary structure
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-folding-enzymes
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Quaternary structure-
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units put together
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Two types of nucleic acids
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DNA and RNA
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DNA
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•Stores genetic information in the cell and in the organism.
•Replicates and transmits this information when a cell reproduces and when an organism reproduces. •Chromosones and genetic information •Each cell in a human has 23 chromosones from mom and 23 chromosones from dad •DNA double strand |
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RNA
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•Is an interemediary that conveys DNA’s instructions regarding the amino acid sequence in a protein.
•Tells cell to make proteins that are uniquely you. •Protein synthesis •RNA single strand |
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Nucleotides: are building blocks for ___ and___
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DNA and RNA
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5 basic nucleotides
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TUCAG
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DNA
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Chromosones
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RNA
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protein synthesis
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ATP
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energy molecule
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ATP
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Nucleotide not a nucleic acid but an energy molecule
• Used for energy |
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Cells are the fundamental unit of all ______ things
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living
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All cells come from _____ cells
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pre-existing
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Cells are small because they need maximum surface area and so they can have _______ _______ _________
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selfsustaining chemical reactions
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Plasma membrane
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Marks the boundary between the inside and outside of the cell
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Osmosis:
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movement of water across the cell membrane from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration
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Isotonic-
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Equal concentrations (no movement)
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• Hypotonic
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water enters cell from water concentration
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• Hypertonic-
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water leaves cell to lower water concentration
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Diffusion:
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movement of solute from high concentration to low concentration (movement of everything else) Passive and require no energy outside the cells own energy.
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Endocytosis
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membrane around material, bring into cell
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Exocytosis
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pinches off membrane. Removes out of cell.
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