Carbohydrates

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Are the most abundant class of bioorganic molecules on planet earth

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Carbohydrates

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Their abundance in human body is relatively low, but it constitutes about 75% by mass of dry plant materials.

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Carbohydrates

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Is a Polyhydroxy Aldexyde, a Polyhydroxy Ketone, or a compound that Yields Polyhydroxy aldehyde or Polyhydroxy ketone upon Hydrolysis

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Carbohydrates

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Is a polyhydroxy aldehyde

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Carbohydrate Glucose

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Is a polyhydroxy ketone

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Carbohydrate Fructose

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Produced by the photosynthetic activity of the green plants

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Carbohydrates

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It came from the latin word ______ meaning sugar

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Saccharum

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Storehouse of the Chemical Energy

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Glucose, Starch and Glycogen

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The 2 supportive structural components in plants and some animals

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Cellulose and Chitin

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Provides Energy

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Carbohydrate Oxidation

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Form part of the structural framework DNA and RNA

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Carbohydrates

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Linked to lipids are structural components of the cell membranes.

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Carbohydrates

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The Simple Sugar

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Monosaccharides

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Contain a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone unit.

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Monosaccharides

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Cannot be degraded into simple products by hydrolysis reactions.

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Monosaccharides

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Are water soluble, white, crystalline solids

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Pure Monosaccharides

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Contains 2 monosaccharides units covalently bond to each other.

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Disaccharides

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Contains 2 to 10 units of monosaccharides

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Oligosaccharides

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The most common type

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Disaccharides

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Consists of ten thousands of monosaccharide units

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Polysaccharides

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Largest and most complex

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Polysaccharides

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Contains aldehyde group

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Aldose

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Contains ketone group

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Ketose

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The simplest form of monosaccharide

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Trioses

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The parent member of the family of monosaccharides

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Trioses

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The most common of all monosaccharides

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Hexoses

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Most abundant in nature

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Glucose

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Nutritionally most important

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Glucose

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Six membered cyclic form

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Glucose

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Sweetest of all sugars

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Fructose

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The fruit sugar

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Fructose

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A component of milk sugar

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Galactose

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Synthesized in the human

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Galactose

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Also called brain sugar, part of the brain and nerve tissue

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Galactose

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Used to differentiate between blood types

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Galactose

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The gene responsible for the enzyme that converts D-Galactose to D- Glucose

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Galactosemia

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Part of RNA, ATP, and DNA

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Ribose

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The dominant form of monosaccharides with 5 or more C atoms

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Cyclic Form

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Reactions from aldehyde and alcohols

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Hemiacetals

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Are formed from the reaction between two functional groups: aldehyde or ketone and alcohol

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Hemiacetals, and Hemiketals

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5 membered ring

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Furnose or Furan

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6 membered ring

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Pyranose or Pyran

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The OH of the Chiral Carbon is on the left

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L

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Two monosaccharides are linked together by acetal formation to form ________

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Disaccharides

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Two monosaccharides are linked together by acetal formation to form ________

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Disaccharides

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One monosaccharide act as a hemiacetal and other as alcohol and the resulting ether bond is glycosidic linkage

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Disaccharides

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Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide =

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Disaccharide + H2O

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Malt sugar, found in corn syrup, malt, and germinating seeds

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Maltose

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What kind of sugar is Maltose

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Reducing Sugar

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The 2 glucose are joined by a beta-1,4-glycosidic linkage

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Cellobiose

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What kind of sugar is Cellobiose

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Reducing Sugar

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Milk sugar

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Lactose

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Consists of beta-galactose with a beta-1,4-glycosidic linkage to beta-glucose (or alpha glucose)

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Lactose

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What kind of sugar is Lactose

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Reducing Disaccharide

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An unpleasant, but its effect can be avoided by a diet that rigorously exclude dairy products

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Lactose intolerance

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The genetic disease caused by the absence of the enzymes needed for the conversion of galactose to glucose

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Galactosemia

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A reduced form of galactose

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Dulcitol ( Galactitol )

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The common table sugar and the most abundant of all disaccharides found in plants

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Sucrose

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Produced comercially from the juice of sugar cane and sugar beets

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Sucrose

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Has a much greater tendency to remain in solution

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Invert Sugar

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In the manufacture of jelly and candy and in the canning of fruit, crystallization of the sugar is undesirable, therefore conditions leading to the hydrolysis of sucrose are employed in these processes; In addition, fructose is sweeter than sucrose

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Invert Sugar

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Honeybees and many other insects posseses an enzyme called invertase that hydrolyze sucrose to invert sugar

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Invert Sugar

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A predominantly a mixture of D-glucose and D-fructose with some unhydrolyzed sucrose

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Invert Sugar

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Is the Dominant acid in honey

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Gluconic Acid

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Commonly found in Cabbage, Broccoli and Wheat

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Oligosaccharides

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A potato toxin, is an oligosaccharides found in association with an alkaloid

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Solanin

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Many monosaccharide units bonded with glycosidic linkages

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The polymer Chain

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Homopolysaccharide or heteropolysaccharide

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The polymer Chain

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Present in beans produces gaseous products that can cause discomfort and flatulence

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Raffinose and Stachyose

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Contains only 1 monosaccharide in the polymer chain

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Homopolysaccharides (Unbranched)

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Contains 2 or more monosaccharides in the polymer chain

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Heteropolysaccharides (Branched)

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Not sweet and don't show positive tests with Tollebs and Benedict's

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Polysaccharides

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Limited water solubility

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Polysaccharides

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Storage Polysaccharides

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Starch and Glycogen

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Structural Polysaccharides

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Carageenan, Cellulose and Chitin

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Acidic Polysaccharides

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Heparin, Hyaluronic acid, and Alginic Acid

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Homopolysaccharides

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Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin, and Carageenan

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Heteropolysaccharides

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Hyarulonic Acid, Heparin, Chondroitin Sulfate, and Alginic Acid

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The chief caloric distributor in the diet

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Starch

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The reserve carbohydrates for.plants

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Starch

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Straight chain polymer; 15-20% of the starch; water-soluble fraction; 60-300 glucose units joined by alpha-1,4- glycosidic bond

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Amylose

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The characteristic blue color that starch gives when treated with iodine is due to the formation of the

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Amylose I2 complex

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Branched chain polymer, 80-85% of the starch, the water insoluble fraction, composed of 300-6000 glucose units joined primarily by alpha-1,4- glucosidic bonds and ocasionally alpha-1,6- glucosidic bond

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Amylopectin

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Are responsible for branching which occurs about 25-30 units

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Alpha-1,6- bonds

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Is present in the amylopectin structure at each branch point

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Alpha-1,6 linkage

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The animal starch

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Glycogen

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Glucose storage molecule of animals

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Glycogen

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Stored in granules in liver and muscle cells

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Glycogen

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Like amylopectin, is a nonlinear polymer of glucose units joined by an alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6- glycosidic bonds but has lower molecular weight

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Glycogen

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More Highly branched structure, its branch are shorter

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Glycogen

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Gives red-brown color with i2

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Glycogen

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A fibrous carbohydrate found in all plants where it serves as the structural component of the plant's cell wall

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Cellulose

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A linear polymer of glucose units joined by beta-1,4, glycosidic bond

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Cellulose

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Is inert towards most solvent

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Cellulose

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It serves as dietary fiber in food, readily absorbs water and results in softer stools

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Cellulose

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Dietary fiber desired everyday

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20 - 35g

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Yields D-glucose upon hydrolysis yet man and carnivorous animals cant utilize cellulose as a source of glucose

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Cellulose

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Human's digestive juices lack the enzyme _________ that hydrolize beta-1,4-glucosidic linkages

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Cellulase

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Similar to cellulose in both function and structure

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Chitin

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Polymer of N-Acetyl - D-Glucosamine bound by beta-1,4 glycosidic linkage

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Chitin

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Has a linear extended structure like cellulose

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Chitin

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Function is to give rigidity to exoskeletons of crabs, lobsters, shrimp, insects, and other arthropods

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Chitin

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Itself is inert and practically insoluble in most solvents.

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Chitin

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Can be prepared by simple alkali-catalyzed deacylation

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Chitosan

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Are commercially used as films, fibers, surface coatings and ultrafiltration membranes

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Chitosan Derivatives

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The most abundant polysaccharides

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Cellulose

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Occurs as hydrocolloid extracted from selected species of red algae

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Carageenan

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Locally obtained from Eucheuma Striatum, Eucheuma Spinosum and Acanthapora

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Carageenan

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Carageenan can be locally obtained from

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Eucheuma Striatum, Eucheuma Spinosum, and Acanthapora

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Sulphated polysaccharides, consisting of polymers of sulphated D-Galatopyranose bonded through alternating alpha-1,3- and Beta-1,4- glycosidic linkages

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Carageenan

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Repeating unit is a disaccharide composed of Beta-D-Glucuronic Acid and N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine in a Beta-1,3-Linkage

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Hyaluronic Acid

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Each Disaccharide is attached to the next by Beta-1,4 linkage. Alternation beta-1,3 and beta 1,4

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Hyaluronic Acid

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Highly viscous- serve as lubricants in the fluid of joints and part of the vitreous humor of the eye

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Hyaluronic Acid

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When some insects sting they inject an enzyme called

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Hyaluronidase

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Consists of repeating units of D-glucoronic acid and D-Glucosamine

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Heparin

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An anticoagulant in the blood that inhibits blood clot formation

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Heparin

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Used in open heart surgery

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Heparin

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Locally extracted Sargassum seaweeds

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Alginic Acid

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Serves as base coating in meats and fish which reduces moisture loss and fat absorption

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Alginic acid

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Inflammation in the Colon

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Diverticulitis

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2 digestive hormones

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Gastrin and Cholecytokinin

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Alpha-anomeric carbon 1 of glucose joins the beta-anomeric carbon 2 of fructose (alpha,1-2-glycosidic bond)

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Sucrose