Cancer

Front 1

define neoplasm

Back 1

tumor or new growth

Front 2

list 5 characteristics of a benign tumor

Back 2

encapsulated
well-differentiated
slow growing
non-invasive
do not metastasize

Front 3

list 5 characteristics of a malignant tumor

Back 3

no capsule
poorly differentiated
invade local structures and tissues
spread distantly through blood and lymph
grow rapidly

Front 4

define carcinoma

Back 4

cancer arising from epithelial tissue

Front 5

How are benign tumors usually named?

Back 5

according to the tissues from which they arise with the suffix "oma"

Front 6

How are malignant tumors named?

Back 6

according to the cell type of origin

Front 7

define sarcoma

Back 7

cancer arising from connective tissue

Front 8

define lymphoma

Back 8

cancer arising from lymph tissue

Front 9

define leukemia

Back 9

cancer of blood-forming cells

Front 10

define carcinoma in situ (CIS)

Back 10

pre-invasive epithelial tumors of glandular of squamous cell origin that have yet to break through the basement membrane of the epithelium

Front 11

define anaplasia

Back 11

loss of cellular differation
(literally "without form")

Front 12

In what five areas of the body does carcinoma in situ occur?

Back 12

cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, and broncus

Front 13

Cancer confined to the organ of origin

Back 13

Stage 1

Front 14

Cancer that is locally invasive

Back 14

Stage 2

Front 15

Cancer that has spread to regional structures such as lymph nodes

Back 15

Stage 3

Front 16

Cancer theat has spread to distant sites

Back 16

Stage 4

Front 17

What are stem cells?

Back 17

undifferentiated cells

Front 18

define undifferentiated cells

Back 18

cells that are not totally commited to a specific function (stem cells)

Front 19

What does autonomy mean in relation to cancer cells?

Back 19

the cancer cell's independence from normal cellular controls

Front 20

What are the two heritable properties of a cancer cell?

Back 20

autonomy and anaplasia

Front 21

What are tumore markers?

Back 21

substances produced by cancer cells that can be found on tumor plasma membranes or in the blood, spinal fluid or urine

Front 22

What are the three ways tumor markers can be used?

Back 22

1) to screen individuals who are high risk for cancer
2) to diagnose specific cancers in those with symptoms
3) to follow the clinical course of cancer

Front 23

Epithelial

Back 23

Carcinomas

Front 24

Connective tissue

Back 24

Sarcoma

Front 25

Lymphoma

Back 25

Lymphoid

Front 26

Leukemia

Back 26

Blood-forming cells

Front 27

Where does a Teratocarcinoma originate?

Back 27

Germ cells

Front 28

Cancer theat has spread to distant sites

Back 28

Stage 4

Front 29

The most common mutation found in human cancers

Back 29

the tumor suppressor gene called p53

Front 30

An increase in pro-growth signals derives from mutations of protooncogenes into...

Back 30

oncogenes

Front 31

enzyme that allows cancer cells to become "immortal"

Back 31

telomerase

Front 32

genes that provide pro-growth signals in healthy cells

Back 32

protooncogenes

Front 33

genes that provide anti-growth in a normal cell

Back 33

tumor suppressor genes

Front 34

What are point mutations?

Back 34

substitutions of one or a few nucleotide base pairs in the DNA

Front 35

What are chromosome translocations?

Back 35

the rearrangement of genes from one chromosome to another

Front 36

What does gene amplification describe?

Back 36

a mutation in which a small piece of chromosome is duplicated multiple times

Front 37

What does aneuploidy refer to?

Back 37

a process in which, when the cell divides, instead of both progeny cells receiving the same number of chromosomes, one gets an extra copy of a chromosome (trisomy) and the other gets only one copy (monosomy)

Front 38

Tumor-suppressor genes act in a recessive manner. In other words, it takes mutations at both alleles for a tumor-suppressor gene to lose its anti-growth properties. Thus oncogenesis requires that the cell be homozygous for a mutation of a tumor-suppressor gene.

Back 38

This is referred to as “loss of heterozygosity.”

Front 39

What are point mutations?

Back 39

substitutions of one or a few nucleotide base pairs in the DNA

Front 40

What are chromosome translocations?

Back 40

the rearrangement of genes from one chromosome to another

Front 41

What does gene amplification describe?

Back 41

a mutation in which a small piece of chromosome is duplicated multiple times

Front 42

What does aneuploidy refer to?

Back 42

a process in which, when the cell divides, instead of both progeny cells receiving the same number of chromosomes, one gets an extra copy of a chromosome (trisomy) and the other gets only one copy (monosomy)

Front 43

Tumor-suppressor genes act in a recessive manner. In other words, it takes mutations at both alleles for a tumor-suppressor gene to lose its anti-growth properties. Thus oncogenesis requires that the cell be homozygous for a mutation of a tumor-suppressor gene.

Back 43

This is referred to as “loss of heterozygosity.”

Front 44

What are exogenous DNA sequences?

Back 44

onogene-containing pieces of DNA inserted into host chromosomes by viruses

Front 45

What type of gene mutation is seen in c-myc?

Back 45

chromosomal translocation

Front 46

What is gene silencing?

Back 46

Abherrant methylation causes an allele of a tumor-suppressing gene to be turned off

Front 47

Microorganisms can cause cancer by what two primary mechanisms?

Back 47

1. Integration of a viral oncogene into the host cell DNA; or
2. Virus- or bacteria-induced inflammation with increased replication of host cells leading to increased likelihood for random mutation.

Front 48

What does clonal selection mean for the growth of tumors?

Back 48

Genetic mutations cause the cell to grow faster and "out-compete" normal cells or competing subclones. The mutated cells have a selective advantage.

Front 49

What are three ways a tumor can increase its rate of division?

Back 49

1) point mutations
2) chromosome translocation
3) chomosome amplification

Front 50

What are two ways a cancer cell cell evades anti-growth signals?

Back 50

1) increased receptor sites

2)

Front 51

What is angiogenesis, and how does it influence tumor growth?

Back 51

The ability of a larger tumor to grow its own blood supply

Front 52

What are telomeres?

Back 52

?

Front 53

What is telomerase?

Back 53

?

Front 54

How do protoncogenes become oncogenes?

Back 54

?

Front 55

What are tumor suppressor genes?

Back 55

?

Front 56

mechanisms by which viruses and bacteria may contribute to the biology of cancer

Back 56

1

Front 57

To what tumors has cigarette smoking been linked?

Back 57

1

Front 58

What role do xenobiotics play in cancer risk?

Back 58

1

Front 59

How is alcohol consumption linked to cancer risk?

Back 59

1

Front 60

Are there foods that decrease the risk of cancer?

Back 60

1

Front 61

What are some of the occupational exposures related to cancer?

Back 61

1

Front 62

How does radiation cause cancer?

Back 62

1

Front 63

What are some of the known dietary risk factors for cancer?

Back 63

1

Front 64

What are the risks of passive smoking?

Back 64

1

Front 65

Are oral contraceptives associated with increased cancer risk?

Back 65

m

Front 66

How do androgens contribute to prostate cancer risk?

Back 66

m

Front 67

Are estrogens and progesterones linked to cancer?

Back 67

m