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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between cancer and tumor?
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Cancer is a disease that eventually disrupts body functions, whereas a tumor is a mass of cells with no apparent function in the body.
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What is Cancer?
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-Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. if the spread is not controlled it can result in death.
-Caused by mutations -Uncontrolled cell division -Can spread |
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Two types of tumors
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Benign and Malignant
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Benign tumor
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(non-cancerous)- this is not cancer! -Does not spread; it can eventually become malignant in some cases.
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Malignant tumor
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(Cancerous)- this is not cancer!
-Has the potential to spread to other parts of the body. |
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Why does cancer primarily affect older people rather than young people?
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-Because cancer develops after multiple mutations have occurred which takes years to happen.
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Cancer is a genetic disease
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-Cancer arises from the accumulation of genetic changes (Mutation)
-Most cancers have a minimum of 6-9 different genes mutated -Not a hereditary disease- we do not pass on cancer to our offspring. -We can inherit dispositions (susceptibility) to cancer -Many genes that are mutated in cancer are involved in regulating the cell cycle |
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Interphase
-G1 -S -G2 Mitosis -Go |
-Cell grows, normal activities, protein synthesis, organelles replicate.
-Replication of DNA -Last opportunity for the cell to prepare for cell division -Break from cell division |
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G1 Checkpoint
G2 Checkpoint M Checkpoint |
-The cell proceed to the S phase if cell growth is adequate and if the organelles have replicated
-p53 protein examines the integrity of the DNA after replication -Mitosis proceeds only if all chromosomes are present and aligned properly during metaphase |
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What would you expect cells to be like if they did not have properly functioning p53
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-The absence of p53 could cause cells to replicate with damaged DNA that could ultimately lead to cancer
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Regulation of cell division
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Surface attachment
Contact inhibition Proto-onco Genes Tumor suppressor genes |
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Surface attachment
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Cells must be attached to a surface to divide
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Contact inhibition
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A cell should only divide as space allows
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Proto-onco Genes
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-Promote cell division
-Encode proteins that assist with advancement into the next stage of the cell cycle -Ex: as Cyclin accumulates, the cell leaves G1 and proceeds into the S phase -Prevent apoptosis -Encode proteins that inhibit cell death |
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Tumor suppressor genes
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-Inhibit cell division
-encode proteins that prevent cell division -Ex: repressors block attachment of RNA polymerase -Encode proteins that initiate apoptosis -Ex: p53 protein assesses the integrity of DNA replication at the G2 checkpoint -if damage is found p53 can activate repair enzyme -Or trigger apoptosis |
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Regulation of cell division
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Telomeres
-non-coding repeat sequences at the ends of chromosomes -Upon each division, a few base pairs are lost -When the telomeres ore gone, repair enzymes bind chromosomes together -The cells no longer functions properly and dies -prevents mutations from being passed on indefinitely |
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The BRCA1 and BRACA 2 genes that may be mutated in Abby's cells would be considered?
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A tumor suppressor gene
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From benign to malignant
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-Cancer cells divide too quickly and can leave the original site and enter the blood, lymph, or tissues
-Most cells divide a set number (60-70) of times, then they stop dividing -This usually limits benign tumors to small sizes -This usually limits benign tumors to small sizes -Cancer cells can divide indefinitely |
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How do cancer cells travel through the human body?
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-The lymphatic system collects fluids from capillaries and with it cancer cells, which are then delivered by the circulatory system
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Cancer detection
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Earlier detection and treatment of cancer greatly increase the odds of survival
Therefore knowing the warning signs for cancer is important to health |
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what does C.A.U.T.I.O.N stand for
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C- Change in bowel or bladder habits
A- a sore that does not heal U- Unusual bleeding or discharge T- Thickening or lump I- Indigestion of difficulty swallowing O- Obvious change in wart or mole N- Nagging cough or hoarseness |
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Detecting skin cancer
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A- Asymmetry
B- border is irregular C- Color varies from one area to another D- Diameter is larger than 6mm |
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Can surgery successfully cure a cancer that has metastasized?
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No, Cancer cells are no longer localized in one spot
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Metastasized
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Related to other parts of the body (In blood stream)
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Do cancer cells need the right sign to divide?
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No cancer cells will divide without a sign leading to a mass of cells (tumor)
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Testing for cancer
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-Genetic testing can determine if an individual has inherited genetic mutations to a Proto-onco gene or TSG
-Much the same as knowing family medical history = CA-125 -Tumor marker tests- blood tests for tumor antigens/antibodies Ex: CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)=colon cancer Ex: PSA (prostate-specific antigen) test for prostate cancer |
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Traditional Treatments
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-Surgery
-Radiational Therapy -Chemotherapy |
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Surgery
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-Removal of cancerous tissue
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Radiation Therapy
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-X-rays or gamma rays are administered with laser beam
-Causes breaks in DNA too large to repair -Breaking DNA can cause formation of tumor |
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Chemotherapy
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-Drugs that inhibit DNA replication or disrupts mitotic spindle formation
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Disadvantage to traditional therapy
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-kills good cells too!
-This explains common side effects ~Hair loss (hair follicle cells also divide rapidly) ~Nausea (Cells lining digestive tract divide rapidly) ~Fatigue (Cells in Red bone marrow divide rapidly) |
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Future Therapies
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-Anti-angiogenesis
-p53 gene therapy -Immunotherapy |
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Anti-angiogenesis
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-Administer anti-angiogenesis factores to inhibit blood vessel growth and essentially starve out the cancer (Cartilage no BV Avascular)
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P53 gene therapy
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-Retrovirus is injected into the body to deliver the healing p53 gene to cancer cells
-Once the p53 gene is expressed it will trigger apoptosis of the cancer cells -In clinical trials |
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Immunotherapy
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-Genetically engineer antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
-APCs present foreign antigens to cytotoxic T-cells -The activated T-cells then destroy the cells expressing the foreign antigen -APCs can be genetically engineered to express an antigen specific to the tumor so that only the tumor cells are targeted by the immune system -Design killer antibodies -Antibodies are designed to bind to tumor-specific antigens -the antibodies have a chemotherapeutic drug attached that will effect the cancer cells |
