Canada Before Confederation Final

Front 1

Contact

Back 1

Identify: East 16th C., West 18th C.
Significance:
1. Canada was founded
2. start of 400 years of oppression

Front 2

Jacques Cartier

Back 2

Identify: 15th and 16th C explorer, founder of Canada
Significance:
1. Claimed Canada for the French which caused years of unrest with the English
2. Used the Natives and treated them badly, beginning of unequal treatment and European influence.

Front 3

John Cabot

Back 3

Identify: 15th C, Italian navigator and explorer
Significance:
1. England sent this Italian explorer showing Englands early interest in Canada.
2. Landed in New Foundland which is a time of Foreigners in Canada.

Front 4

Samuel de Champlain

Back 4

Early 1600’s- a French explorer and navigator who mapped much of northeastern North America and started a settlement in Quebec, his initial intention was to find the Northwest Passage. He made his way up the St Lawrence river where he brought colonists to settle Quebec as a trading centre.
-First european explorer to set up a permanent colony in present day Canada.
-Set up colonies in Eastern Canada which eventually developed into Ontario and Quebec. “Founder of Eastern Canada”
- Helped the Hurons fight the Iriquois.

Front 5

Carignan-Salieres Regiment

Back 5

Identify: 1660's brings 1500 settlers
Significance:
1. New France is being taken seriously sending over so much militia to protect the province
2. The regiment was mainly men which made populating the province difficult - not very thought through.

Front 6

Donnaconna

Back 6

Identify: 1500's, native cheif who met Cartier
Significance:
1. Perfect exmaple of power realtionship between foreigners and natives
2. cause of colonization of British North America

Front 7

Company of 100 Associates

Back 7

Identify: 1600's 100 investors given monopoly on trade in Canada
Significance:
1. brought over approx 4000 settlers
2. Promoted Christianity - show how early foreigners began pressing their ideologies on the natives.

Front 8

Seigneurial System

Back 8

Identify: 1665, system of land cultivation
Significance:
1. Introduced a hierarchy in Canada
2. 'ready made village' made it easy for new occupants to settle

Front 9

1701 Treaty of Montreal

Back 9

Identify: signed in 1701 ended war between French and Iroquis
Significance:
1. 1st treaty signed by native people
2. signed by all founding parties

Front 10

Jesuit Relations

Back 10

Identify: 17th C. Jesuits wrote accounts of life in French North America
Significance:
1. Tried to convert over natives using many tactics
2. Painted the natives in a bad light trying to get support from people at home which hindered the Natives image.

Front 11

54 40 or Fight

Back 11

Identify: 1830's, American political slogan
Significance:
1. America fighting to have the territory up to 54 40
2. Established where our border is

Front 12

Filles Du Roi

Back 12

Identify: 17th C hundreds of girls sent by the King who paid their dowerys
Significance:
1. Helped to solve the solution of not enough women - Canada could populate
2. Showed the French belief in the colony by paying the way of hundreds of girls.

Front 13

Reprocity

Back 13

Identify: 1880's. trade agreement between U.S. and Canada
Significance:
1. move towards capalist economy
2. shift toward Canada gaining independence

Front 14

Madeleine de Vercheres

Back 14

1690’s- a 14 year old heroine from New France, daughter of a seigneur.
-thwarted off an Iriquois attack at Fort Vercheres.
- gave hope and confidence to people of New France.

Front 15

Coutume de Paris

Back 15

Identify: Feudal Law
Significance:
1. Helped to organize French colonies in Canada
2. Came under direct competition when the English arrived

Front 16

North West Company

Back 16

a fur trading business headquartered in Montreal from 1779 to 1821, It competed with increasing success against the Hudson's Bay Company in what was to become Western Canada.
-Helped create positive relations with Natives in West.
-Eventually a forced merge occurred between the NW company and the HBC, creating what we know today as the Hudson’s Bay Company.

Front 17

Act Of Union 1840

Back 17

Identify: July 1840, joined upper and lower canada togethather. Formed the province Canada
Significance:
1. banned the use of french in the legislative assembly
2. created responsible government which is similair to our government system today

Front 18

Hudson's Bay Company

Back 18

Identify: began in the 17th c, was a fur trading company
Significance:
1. oldest commercial corporation in North America
2. Exploited Natives
3. Settled Canada

Front 19

Alexander McKenzie

Back 19

Identify: Explorer, 18th century. 1st to make it to the pacific from inland.
Significance:
1. got knighted after publishing his story in 1801 - shows how important exploration was.
2. Prez Jefferson got interested in the Pacific Northwest after reading his account.

Front 20

Metis

Back 20

1690’s- French fur traders were established in Upper Great Lakes and intermarried with Native Women. Their offspring referred to as Metis.
-Established new culture that synchronized into what is today, a new aboriginal group.
-Exemplifies the strong relations between Europeans and Natives in the 1600’s.

Front 21

Joseph Howe

Back 21

Identify: 1800's journalist and politican in Nova Scotia
Significance:
1. Was against confederation - symbolizes how not everyone was content with confederation as he wanted better terms for Nova Scotia
2. Was a big supporter of the railway as he wanted to link maritimes to the mainland.

Front 22

Quebec Act 1774

Back 22

Identify:1774, set out procedures of governance in Quebec
Significance:
1. extended more rights to French speaking citizens
2. enlarged boundaries of province
3. contained secret instructions which still occurs in our political system today.

Front 23

Constitutional Act 1791

Back 23

Identify: 1771 divdes Upper and Lower Canada to avoid problems
Significance:
1. Given elected assemblys - starting our system
2. By seperating them now creates issues for bringing them back togeather during the act of union.

Front 24

Responsible Government

Back 24

Identify: mid 1800's, a system in which the executive council is drawn from a majority of votes in the assembly to pass their legislation
1. Majority rules forms basis of Canadian government - in preperation of independence.
2. Puts power with the people
Significance:

Front 25

David Thompson

Back 25

Identify: NWC 19th Century
Significance:
1. Founded the Columbia river and 1st learned about American exploration in Canada
2. NWC putting money into Thompson and his collegues exploration across the rockies led to their economic downfall

Front 26

Charlotte Town Conference

Back 26

Identify: 1860's, British North American Representives met to discuss Confederation
Significance:
1. Step to including the maritimes and Upper and Lower Canada in a union as it was planned to only be a maritime union but 'Canada' showed interest.
2. laid down foundation for union

Front 27

Chateau Clique

Back 27

Identify: 19th C. group of walthy land owners in Lower Canada
Significance:
1. pushed to have French assimilate into English culture - an issue that still exists today
2. Their efforts led to the Act Of Union - Which failed to assimilate all French

Front 28

Country Wives

Back 28

Identify: late 1700's, early 1800's native wives of the Foreign fur traders
Significance:
1. helped fur traders get by as their natives wives helped them.
2. Many country wives were simply deserted when their husbands went back to where they came showing unfair treatment of natives.

Front 29

Family Compact

Back 29

Identify: 19th, Wealthy Elite in Upper Canada
Significance:
1. Monopolized Upper Canada in the 1820 and 1830's - obvious need for responsible government
2. Reason for Rebellion

Front 30

Grand Trunk Railroad

Back 30

Identify: Railroad built in 19th century
Significance:
1. Was a example of the effort to connect the Maritimes with the mainland.
2. Showed that planning and funding was a neccesity as it ran out of money leaving the railroad never hitting its destination.

Front 31

James Douglas

Back 31

Identify: 19th c fur trader (1st NWC than HBC after merger) governor of Victoria and British Columbia
Significance:
1. warded off pressure from the U.S
2. Was diplomatic and purchased all land off first nations on Vancouver Island

Front 32

Amelia Douglas

Back 32

Identify: 19th century mixed blood wife of James Douglas.
Significance:
1. Helped to make things cool with the natives
2. Was in a position of power even with her native status

Front 33

Expulsion of Acadians

Back 33

Identify:18th century, forced removal of Acadians from maritime provinces
Significance:
1. refused to declare their loyalty to England - how paranoid england was

Front 34

Catharine Parr Trail

Back 34

Identify: 19th C British Canadian Author
Significance:
1. Wrote settler guides that assisted those moving to Canada
2. Wrote from a womens point of view in which there is very little of in Canada's history

Front 35

Corn Law

Back 35

Identify: 1st half of 19th C. Set duties to protect british agricultual import from outside competition
Significance:
1. When corn laws were abolished political constraint was released and responsible government was possible
2. made agricultual a money maker in British North America

Front 36

Confederation

Back 36

Identify: July 1, 1867, Federal dominion of Canada formed.
Significance:
1. Made Canada a independent country
2. Still many issues that arose surrounding confederation still exist in Canada today

Front 37

Francis Bond Head

Back 37

Identify: Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada during rebellions of 1837.
Significance:

Front 38

Fugitive Slave Act

Back 38

Identify: 1850 U.S. law that all all runaway slaves be captured and brought back to their masters
Significance:
1. Many slaves came to Canada to escape
2. Highlighted the ways in which Canada was more accepting to other natonalities.

Front 39

Isaac Brock

Back 39

Identify: 1770's - 1813 British Army Officer of Upper Canada
Significance:
1. Fought of the Americans in the war of 1812
2. Knew Fighting was the only option and commanded in one of the only wars fought on canadian soil.

Front 40

John Graves Simcoe

Back 40

Identify: 18th C, 1st Liuetenant General of Upper Canada
Significance:
1. Introduced things such as courts, trial by jury to canada
2. Supported the abolition of slavery, ended it in Upper Canada

Front 41

Industrial Revolution

Back 41

Identify: 18th and 19th c change in economy to industralization
Significance:
1. Brought many more settlers to British North America
2. Increase in foreign goods manufactered as part of the industrial revolution appear.

Front 42

Groseilliers and Radisson

Back 42

Identify: 18th C French Fur Traders
Significance:
1. Hired by the English to give them info about fur trading
2. Helped in the founding of the NWC by providing info about trading routes

Front 43

Iroquis Confederacy

Back 43

Identify: 17th C group of linguistically similair natives that were united during whites arrival
Significance:
1. Whites turned them against each other - near constant warfare
2. All this fighting the French gave them weapons which altered there way of life and made them more dependant.

Front 44

Chasse Galerie

Back 44

Identify: French canadian tale of fur traders making a deal with the devil.
Significance:
1. Shows how the history of Canada is a strong part of Canada today
2. Illistrates the hardships that fur traders endured.

Front 45

Joseph Brant

Back 45

A Mohawk military and political leader who was associated with Britain during and after the American Revolution.
-organized the Mohawk, Cayuga, Seneca and Onondaga tribes to fight for the British during the US War of Independence
-Won several major battles between 1775-1781 and became a British Officer.

Front 46

Joseph Howe

Back 46

Leader of Nova Scotia reformers in late 1840’s
-Pressed for responsible government and opposed Family Compact
-Played a huge role in Nova Scotia becoming the first BNA colony with responsible government.

Front 47

Laura Secord

Back 47

A Candian heroine of the War of 1812.
-She warned British Forces of an American Attack at Beaver Dams.
-Led to British victory at the Battle of Beaver dams.

Front 48

Lord Durham

Back 48

Governor General of British North America in 1830’s.
-Recommended the union of Upper and Lower Canada.
-Created the Durham Report which was a template for responsible government.

Front 49

Louis Joseph Papineau

Back 49

leader of the reformist Patriote movement before the Rebellions of 1837-38.
-Created the 92 resolutions which lead to the Durham Report (Responsible gov/union of upper and lower Can)
-Lead the Parti Patriot to the Rebellion of 1837-38 to fight for more equality in Government.

Front 50

Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine

Back 50

1840’s, first Canadian to become Prime Minister of the United Province of Canada.
-First head of a responsible government in Canada
-Abolished seigniorial system and granted amnesty to those exiled during the rebellions.

Front 51

Louisburg

Back 51

an 18th Century French fortress at Louisburg, Nova Scotia.
-Captured by British forces in 7 years war where it was systematically destroyed by British engineers.
-Used by Brits as a launching point for the 1759 Seige of Quebec.

Front 52

Mary Ann Shadd

Back 52

Mid 1800’s. Black American abolitionist and educator who moved to Canada to prevent unlawful enslavement.
-Started first integrated school in Canada.
-One of the first outspoken anti-racial movements in Canada, encouraged many blacks to migrate to the canadas.
-First woman publisher and editor of a newspaper in the canadas.

Front 53

Pemmican

Back 53

A mixture of animal fat, protein and anti-oxidants used as nutritional supplement by the Native peoples of North America.
-Was adopted as a high-energy food to Europeans involved in the Fur trade.
- Saved many Natives/Europeans lives for live game was not always available for food.

Front 54

Plains of Abraham

Back 54

1760’s -A battle during the 7 Years war between the British Army and Navy(Wolfe) and the French Army(Montcalm) on a plateau just outside of Quebec city.
-Decisive British victory (although equally numbered battle)
- France tried to recover the city without prevail. Led to the British seize of Montreal and New France fell.

Front 55

Quebec Act 1774

Back 55

an act of the Parliament of Great Britain setting procedures of governance in the Province of Quebec.
-It gave the French Canadians complete religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law
-Extended the borders of Quebec into what was then an Indian Reserve, created tensions with the First Nations.

Front 56

Reciprocity

Back 56

Trade agreement between Canada and US in 1850’s.
-Shifts Canadas trading relationship from East-West to North-South.
-Major shift towards Canada gaining independence.

Front 57

Rebellions of 1837-38

Back 57

Political reform up rises led by Baldwin and Mackenzie in Upper Canada and Joseph Papineau and LaFontaine in Lower Canada.
-Resulted in Durham Report as result of Papineaus 92 resolutions: suggested union of Upper and Lower Canada/ Responsible Gov.
-Argued that the rebellions led to a responsible government in Canada.

Front 58

Responsible Governemnt

Back 58

1840’s- a conception of a system of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability which is the foundation of parliamentary democracy.
-Canada achieved responsible government in 1840’s after recommendations in Durham report.
-Formed base of the democratic government we have today in Canada.

Front 59

Robert Baldwin

Back 59

1830’s-1840’s- Moderate politician/ reformer (stayed neutral), in Upper Canada during the rebellions of 1837-1838.
-Influenced Durham’s report by submitting a detailed memorandum dealing with the principle of responsible government.
-Made alliance with LaFountaine and led the first responsible government in Can.

Front 60

Royal Proclaimation 1763

Back 60

- issued by King George III to establish a basis of government administration in the N American territories formally ceded by France to Britain in the Treaty of Paris 1763, following the Seven Years War.
-Created to establish “native lands”, status and equality of first nations.
-First attempts by the British to repair relationships with the First Nations after the 7 years war and an attempt of assimilation.

Front 61

Selkirk

Back 61

1810’s- the 5th Earl of Selkirk established an agricultural colony for evicted Scottish tenant farmers.(as well as an 800 man colony on PEI) His Family purchased a controlling interest in the HBC and was given a 300 000 km land grant from them over the Red River, which was across the NW companies supply of pemmican.
-Settled area near the junction of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers (Now downtown Manitoba)
-Intensified HBC and NW companies rivalry with pemmican embargo.

Front 62

Seven Years’ War

Back 62

1750’s- In 1756, war broke out between France and Great Britain. In North America, hostilities between American and Canadian colonists had erupted two years previously. This sparked a war between the 2 nations and their colonies for 7 years.
-The beginning of the Battle between the French and English in North America.
-Led to the fall of New France

Front 63

Simon Fraser

Back 63

a fur trader and an explorer employed by the Northwest company who was in charge of all of the companies operations West of the Rockies.
-Charted most of what is now known as BC (Fraser River, established all trading posts in west)
-Simon Fraser's exploratory efforts were partly responsible for Canada's boundary later being established at the 49th parallel, since he as a British subject was the first European to establish permanent settlements in the area.

Front 64

Smallpox

Back 64

a disease unique to humans that often results in death. Disease of the blood vessels. Many people got it because it was spread by contact of any form.
-Led Smallpox vaccinations introduced in Canada in 1815.
-1639- French bring smallpox through Huronia, killing half their population. Northwest smallpox spread in 1837-8, most were vaccinated so Cree became most populous First Nations group in NW.

Front 65

Tecumseh

Back 65

Early 1800’s- A Shawnee chief who assembled a Native confederacy which was at open war with the Americans by 1811.
-American’s thought the British encouraged Tecumseh and turned to be one of the cause of the war of 1812.
-During the War of 1812, Tecumseh's confederacy allied with the British in Canada and helped in the capture of Fort Detroit.
Thanadelthur- a woman of the Chipewyan Nation who served as a guide and interpreter for the Hudson's Bay Company.
- instrumental in forging a peace agreement between the Chipewyan and the Cree people.
- helped Hudson’s Bay Company with trade relations and expansion.

Front 66

Treaty of Washington

Back 66

a treaty signed in 1871 in Washington, between the United States and Great Britain.
-Allowed US access to the St L river and to fishing rights for 12 years.
-ownership of the San Juan Is in the Str of Georgia; and restitution to Canada for FENIAN raids, 1866-70. (Last item was denied)
-US hoped Britain would cede Canada as part of negotiations.

Front 67

War of 1812

Back 67

a military conflict fought between the forces of theUnited States of America and those of the British Empire.
-British Empire adopted a defensive strategy, repelling multiple American invasions of the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada
-Resulted in peace treaty (treaty of ghent)
-Disconnect between Britain and First Nations tribes.

Front 68

William Lyon Mackenzie

Back 68

Early 1800’s- was a Scottish-Canadian journalist, politician, and rebellion leader. Fought against the Family Compact and fought for American rights.
-Important leader in the Upper Canada rebellion (Montgomery’s Tavern)
-served as the first mayor of Toronto in 1830’s.