Campbell: The Origin Of Species

Front 1

According to the "biological species" concept, what is a species?

Back 1

a population that interbreeds and produces fertile offspring

Front 2

Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species that lived side by side in parts of their ranges. However, recent books show them as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Apparently, the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler _____.

Back 2

successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Front 3

What is necessary for speciation to occur?

Back 3

reproductive isolation

Front 4

According to the "biological species" concept (that is, our definition of "species"), members of different species _____.

Back 4

do not mate successfully under natural conditions

Front 5

The biological species concept cannot be applied to organisms that _____.

Back 5

reproduce only asexually

Front 6

Three species of frogs—Rana pipiens, Rana clamitans, and Rana sylvatica—all mate in the same ponds, but they pair off correctly because they have different calls. This is a specific example of a _____ barrier, called _______ .

Back 6

prezygotic barrier ... behavioral isolation

Front 7

Two species of water lilies in the same pond do not interbreed because one blooms at night and the other during the day. The reproductive barrier between them is an example of _____.

Back 7

temporal isolation

Front 8

Give an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier

Back 8

Two fruit flies of different species produce sterile offspring.

Front 9

Individuals of different species living in the same area may be prevented from interbreeding by responding to different mating dances. This is called _____.

Back 9

behavioral isolation

Front 10

There are two groups of pine trees that appear to be very similar phenotypically and genotypically. However, one releases pollen in January, when the female structures of that group are receptive, and one in March. What kind of reproductive barrier is this?

Back 10

temporal isolation

Front 11

At which point in the adaptation of a population is it clear that speciation has occurred?

Back 11

gene pool changes establish reproductive barriers between two populations

Front 12

According to the fossil record, what is the average length of time that successful species survive?

Back 12

5 million years

Front 13

Lake Malawi, in the African Rift Valley, is home to more than a hundred species of cichlid fishes, each with slightly different diets and habits. All these fishes probably evolved from one ancestor, making them an example of _____.

Back 13

adaptive radiation

Front 14

Biologists have found more than 500 species of fruit flies on the various Hawaiian Islands, all apparently descended from a single ancestor species. This example illustrates _____.

Back 14

adaptive radiation

Front 15

What is the punctuated model of evolution?

Back 15

the tempo of evolution comprises abrupt episodes of speciation among long periods of equilibrium

Front 16

The existence in North America of numerous "species pairs" of similar but distinct species with distinct geographic ranges is taken to be indirect evidence of _____.

Back 16

numerous allopatric speciation events

Front 17

Who discovered Sympatric speciation by polyploidy in the 1900s?

Back 17

Hugo de Vries

Front 18

True or False:
mutation of cell cycle genes is not a probable event in the evolution of a polyploid species

Back 18

True

Front 19

Give an example of a crop that is not polyploid

Back 19

the pea

Front 20

If a new species of plant is to be produced by means of allopolyploidy from two parental species that are 2n = 4 and 2n = 8, how many chromosomes would you expect in the somatic cells of the new species?

Back 20

12

Front 21

Can a new species arise in a single generation? if so, how?

Back 21

if a change in chromosome number creates a reproductive barrier

Front 22

Comparison of fossils with living humans seems to show that there have been no significant physical changes in Homo sapiens in 30,000 to 50,000 years. What might an advocate of punctuated equilibrium say about this?

Back 22

Lack of change is consistent with the punctuated equilibrium model.

Front 23

What is the major problem that biologists see in the gradualist model of evolution?

Back 23

Most fossil species appear suddenly in the fossil record without transitional forms.

Front 24

habitat isolation

Back 24

a prezygotic barrier; when populations live in different habitats and do not mate

Front 25

behavioral isolation

Back 25

a prezygotic barrier; little or no sexual attraction between males and females of different species

Front 26

temporal isolation

Back 26

a prezygotic barrier; mating or flowering occurs during different seasons or times of day

Front 27

mechanical isolation

Back 27

a prezygotic barrier; structural differences in genitilia or flowers prevent copulation or pollen transfer

Front 28

gametic isolation

Back 28

a prezygotic barrier; male and female gametes fail to attract each other or are inviable

Front 29

reduced hybrid variability

Back 29

a postzygotic barrier; hybrid zygotes fail to develop or fail to reach sexual maturity

Front 30

reduced hybrid fertility

Back 30

a postzygotic barrier; hybrids fail to produce functional gametes

Front 31

hybrid breakdown

Back 31

a postzygotic barrier; offspring of hybrids have reduced viability or fertility

Front 32

ecological species concept

Back 32

species are defined in terms of ecological niche, the resources it uses

Front 33

pluralisitic species concept

Back 33

there is no universal explanation for the cohesion of individuals in a species

Front 34

morphological species concept

Back 34

species are characterized by a set of unique structural features

Front 35

genealogical species concept

Back 35

species have a unique genealogical history

Front 36

Allopatric speciation

Back 36

geographic barriers can lead to the origin of species

Front 37

give an example of a ring species

Back 37

Ensotina eschscholtzii: north american salamander- populations are separated along eastern and western California. Hence the salamander evolved into 2 different species

Front 38

adaptive radiation

Back 38

evolution of diversely adapted species from a common ancestor

Front 39

sympatric speciation

Back 39

a new species can originate in the geographical midst of the parent species

Front 40

what is polyploidy?

Back 40

accident during (plant) cell division that result in extra sets of chromosomes

Front 41

what is an autopolyploid?

Back 41

an individual that has more than 2 sets of chromosomes, all derived from a single species

Front 42

what is an allopolyploid?

Back 42

an individual whose genes are derive from 2 different species

Front 43

what are exaptations?

Back 43

structurs that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another fuction

Front 44

allometric growth

Back 44

proportioning that helps a body part give its specific form

Front 45

heterochromy

Back 45

evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events

Front 46

paedomorphosis

Back 46

the retention in an adult organism of the juvenille features of its early ancestors

Front 47

homeotic genes

Back 47

genes that determine structural position and placement of body parts

Front 48

HOX genes

Back 48

class of homeotic genes that provide positional information in an animal embryo