Campbell: Dna Technology And Genomics

Front 1

When a typical restriction enzyme cuts a DNA molecule, the cuts are staggered so that the DNA fragments have single-stranded ends. This is important in recombinant DNA work because _____

Back 1

the fragments will bond to other fragments with complementary single-stranded ends

Front 2

DNA used in recombinant DNA techniques is first cut into fragments by _____.

Back 2

restriction enzymes

Front 3

"Sticky ends" are very useful in genetic engineering because _____.

Back 3

they provide a site for complementary base pairing so that pieces of DNA can be linked together

Front 4

An enzyme that "cuts" DNA at a symmetrical sequence of bases is called _____.

Back 4

restriction enzyme

Front 5

Bacteria use restriction enzymes to _____.

Back 5

destroy foreign DNA

Front 6

What enzyme could seal a nick in one strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule by creating a sugar-phosphate bond between the adjacent, unjoined nucleotides?

Back 6

DNA ligase

Front 7

What two enzymes are needed to produce recombinant DNA?

Back 7

a restriction enzyme and a ligase

Front 8

Restriction enzymes leave "sticky ends" when they cut a piece of DNA. The most useful result of this is that the sticky ends allow ____________.

Back 8

the easy insertion of a foreign piece of DNA that has had its ends cut by the same restriction enzyme

Front 9

In genetic engineering "sticky ends" refers to _________.

Back 9

short bits of single-stranded DNA left at the end of a DNA molecule cut by a restriction enzyme

Front 10

The so-called sticky ends of a plasmid or bacterial chromosome are ____________.

Back 10

unpaired bases produced by a restriction enzyme

Front 11

Describe DNA fingerprinting

Back 11

it is a forensic procedure now being utilized to identify individuals; compares the DNA banding patterns of small segments of chromosomes

Front 12

What is a nucleic acid probe used for?

Back 12

to identify genes that have been inserted into bacterial plasmids or separated by electrophoresis

Front 13

DNA synthesized using an RNA template is called _____.

Back 13

cDNA

Front 14

An enzyme that makes DNA from an RNA template is called ____________.

Back 14

reverse transcriptase

Front 15

What is the source of the reverse transcriptase used in recombinant DNA technology?

Back 15

retroviruses

Front 16

Which arrangement of the following four enzymes represents the order in which they would be used in a typical gene-cloning experiment resulting in the insertion of a foreign gene into a bacterial plasmid? Begin with the gene's mRNA transcript: restriction enzyme, reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase

Back 16

reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, restriction enzyme, DNA ligase

Front 17

What is Southern Blotting?

Back 17

a technique used to study RFLPs

Front 18

In recombinant methods, the term "vector" refers to _____.

Back 18

a plasmid or other agent used to transfer DNA into a living cell

Front 19

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a useful technique because it can _____.

Back 19

make a large amount of DNA from a tiny amount

Front 20

In the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the sequence of bases in the primers is important because it ___________.

Back 20

determines which segment of the genome will be amplified

Front 21

A molecular biologist has isolated a short segment of DNA that she wants to replicate in vitro. First she heats the DNA, which separates the two strands, and then she adds _____, _____, and _____.

Back 21

nucleotides, primers, and polymerase

Front 22

Electrophoresis is used to _____.

Back 22

separate fragments of DNA

Front 23

In classical mapping studies, genes are located according to distances measured in percent recombination. By comparison, in restriction mapping studies, __________ are located according to distances measured in __________.

Back 23

restriction enzyme recognition sequences ... DNA fragment lengths

Front 24

what is a genetic marker?

Back 24

a particular nucleotide sequence whose inheritance can be followed

Front 25

Human nerve cells differ from human muscle cells because different sets of genes are expressed; in each type of cell, different genes are transcribed into mRNA and translated into protein. What technique would be the most efficient way to identify the genes that these cells express?

Back 25

DNA microarray assays

Front 26

Putting a human gene into the plasmids of bacteria has enabled scientists to _____.

Back 26

use bacteria as "factories" for protein products such as insulin

Front 27

briefly describe gene therapy

Back 27

a functioning version of a defective gene is added to the cells of an individual

Front 28

True or False: Bacteria normally make insulin

Back 28

false

Front 29

A molecular biologist used a virus to introduce a gene coding for a certain human enzyme into mouse cells. Some of the mouse cells were able to make the enzyme, but most of these cells lost the ability to make some other protein—different ones in different cells. What is the best explanation of these results?

Back 29

The virus inserted the enzyme gene into various mouse cell genes.

Front 30

DNA fingerprints used as evidence in a murder trial look something like supermarket bar codes. The pattern of bars in a DNA fingerprint shows _____.

Back 30

the presence of various-size fragments of DNA

Front 31

Would a rat with rabbit hemoglobin genes be considered a transgenic organism?

Back 31

yes

Front 32

Would a bacterium that has received genes via conjugation be considered a transgenic organism?

Back 32

yes...maybe on pluto
(that means no.... on earth)

Front 33

Why do genetic engineers often insert marker genes into plasmids containing genes of interest?

Back 33

so they will know which bacteria have taken up the plasmid

Front 34

So far, using the Ti plasmid as a vector has not resulted in significant increases in the production of grass crops, such as wheat, because _____.

Back 34

the Ti plasmid does not work as a vector for monocots

Front 35

Transgenic organisms can be scientifically or commercially useful only if ___________.

Back 35

the inserted ("foreign") gene is expressed in the host organism

Front 36

In genetic engineering, the highly active plasmid from Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used to _____.

Back 36

insert genes of interest into plant chromosomes

Front 37

bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)

Back 37

An artificial version of a bacterial chromosome that can carry inserts of 100,000–500,000 base pairs.

Front 38

biotechnology

Back 38

The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products.

Front 39

cDNA library

Back 39

A limited gene library using complementary DNA. The library includes only the genes that were transcribed in the cells examined.

Front 40

chromosome walking

Back 40

A DNA mapping technique that begins with a gene or other sequence that has already been cloned, mapped, and sequenced and "walks" along the chromosomal DNA from that locus, producing a map of overlapping restriction fragments.

Front 41

denaturation

Back 41

For proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. For DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.

Front 42

electroporation

Back 42

A technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing cells. The electricity creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter.

Front 43

expression vector

Back 43

A cloning vector that contains the requisite prokaryotic promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gene can be inserted.

Front 44

genetically modified (GM) organism

Back 44

An organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; also known as a transgenic organism.

Front 45

genomic library

Back 45

A set of thousands of DNA segments from a genome, each carried by a plasmid, phage, or other cloning vector.

Front 46

invitro mutagenesis

Back 46

A technique to discover the function of a gene by introducing specific changes into the sequence of a cloned gene, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, and studying the phenotype of the mutant.

Front 47

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Back 47

A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides.

Front 48

RNA interference (RNAi)

Back 48

A technique to silence the expression of selected genes in nonmammalian organisms. The method uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules matching the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA.

Front 49

yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs)

Back 49

Yeast artificial chromosomes; vectors that combine the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome, an origin for DNA replication, a centromere, and two telomeres, with foreign DNA.

Front 50

restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)

Back 50

Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes); useful as genetic markers for making linkage maps.