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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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chromosome theory of inheritance
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A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns
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wild type
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An individual with the normal phenotype.
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sex-linked gene
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A gene located on a sex chromosome.
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linked genes
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Genes that are located on the same chromosome.
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genetic recombination
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The general term for the production of offspring with new combinations of traits inherited from the two parent
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parental types
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Offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes
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recombinant
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An offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the parents.
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genetic map
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An ordered list of genetic loci (genes or other genetic markers) along a chromosome.
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linkage map
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A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes. The greater the frequency of recombination between two genetic markers, the farther apart they are assumed to be. See also genetic map.
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map units
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A measurement of the distance between genes; one map unit is equivalent to a 1 percent recombination frequency
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cytological maps
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Charts of chromosomes that locate genes with respect to chromosomal features
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue
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hemophilia
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A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele, characterized by excessive bleeding following injury.
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Barr body
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A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, representing an inactivated X chromosome
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nondisjunction
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An accident of meiosis or mitosis, in which the members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to move apart properly
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aneuploidy
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A chromosomal aberration in which certain chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.
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trisomic
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A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has an extra copy of one chromosome, instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be trisomic for that chromosome
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monosomic
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A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has only one copy of a chromosome, instead of the normal two; the cell is said to be monosomic for that chromosome
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polyploidy
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A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets
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deletion
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(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene
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duplication
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An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or mutagens; duplication of a portion of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome
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inversion
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An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or from mutagens; specifically, reattachment of a chromosomal fragment to the chromosome from which the fragment originated, but in a reverse orientation
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translocation
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(1) An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or from mutagens; specifically, attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome
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Down syndrome
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A human genetic disease resulting from having an extra chromosome 21, characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects
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genomic imprinting
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The parental effect on gene expression whereby identical alleles have different effects on offspring, depending on whether they arrive in the zygote via the ovum or via the sperm
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fragile X syndrome
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A hereditary mental disorder, partially explained by genomic imprinting and the addition of nucleotides to a triplet repeat near the end of an X chromosome
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