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53 Cards in this Set

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Red Algae

Archaeplastids



Red due to accessory pigment phycoerythrin



Usually multicellular; largest seaweed


Green Algae

Archaeplastids



Named 4 grass-green chloroplasts



2 main groups: charaophytes & chlorophytes; charoaphytes more closely related to plants

supergroup: Unikonta

includes animals, fungi, some protists



includes two clades: amoebozoans; opisthokonts(animals, fungi, & related protists)



Amoebozoans

Unikonta



Include slime molds, tubulinids, entamoebas



Slime molds

clade: Amoebozoans


Supergroup: Unikonta


Mycetozoans


2 branches: plasmodial slime molds (diploid organism)


Cellular Slime mold (haploid organism)

Examples of Beneficial Prokaryotes in Human Body

Intestine- provide important nutrients



Mouth- prevent harmful from growing there



Decomposers- return nutrients back to enviroment

Prokaryotes: General Features

Most unicellular


No membrane-bound organelles


No nucleus


Basic Shapes: cocci (spheres)


bacilli (rods)


sprilla/spirochete(helices)



Prokaryotes: Cell Wall Function

maintains cell shape



affords physical protections



prevents bursting in hypotonic environment (will plasmolyze(protsplasm shrinks) in hypertonic solutions



Prokaryotes: Cell Wall Structure

peptidoglycan based



sugars x-linked w/polypeptides



used to identify bacteria w/ Gram Stain procedure

Archaean: Cell Walls Structure

Contain polysaccharides & proteins



Lack peptidoglycan


Gram Negative bacteria

red/pink color due


thin peptidoglycan cell walls


more pathogenic


endotoxins ex. lipopolysaccharide


greater resistance to antibiotics


Gram positive bacteria

blue/purple


think peptidoglycan cell wall


exotoxins

Prokaryotes: Capsule

Sticky protective outer layer- capsule if dense; slime layer if not


Enable adherence to surfaces/other organisms to form a colony


Protect against dehydration/host's immune system


Prokaryotes: fimbriae

hair-like appendages


use to stick to substrate or to one another

Prokaryotes: Bacteria: Endospore

Resistant stores


Dormant until favorable conditions


Can withstand boiling water

Prokaryotes: Motility

Flagella action (most common)



Corkscrew motion (spirochetes)



Secrete slimy threads

Prokaryotes: Taxis

Taxis-directional movement


Heterogeneous environment


Chemotaxis


Phototaxis

Prokayotes: General Features Pt 2

Most have cell wall


Plasmids- additional rings of DNA


Singular, circular DNA strand


Prokaryotes: Antibiotics

erythromycin & tetracycline- bind to prokaryotic ribosomes and block protein synthesis



penicillin: inhibits x-link formation; interferes w/ cell wall structure

Prokaryotes: Reproduction

asexual reproduction: binary fission

Prokaryotes: Bacteria: Genetic Variation

Mutation- short generation times & large population; favorable mutations can propagate rapidly


Prokaryotes: Horizontal Gene Transfer

Brings together DNA from individuals of diff species; facilitates rapid evolution

Prokaryotes: Acquiring Genes

Transformation- cell takes up genes from environment


Transduction- bacteriophages transfer genes from 1 prokaryote to another


Conjugation- direct transfer of genes from 1 prokaryote to another; aka bacteria sex

Prokaryotes: energy& carbon use: 4 categories

Phototroph- use light energy


Chemotroph- energy from chemicals in environment


Autotroph- need only CO2(inorganic)


Heterotroph- require @ least one organic nutrient

Prokaryotes: 4 Major Nutrition Modes

Photoautotrophs- Photosynthetic; light to make organic compounds from CO2 (plants/algae)


Chemoautotrophs- Need only CO2; but oxidize inorganic 4 energy (H2S, NH3, Iron II)


Photoheterotrophs- Use light 4 energy, obtain C in organic form


Chemoheterotrophs- Eat organic compounds 4 energy& carbon (protists, fungi& animals, some parasitic plants)


Prokaryotes: Metabolic Relationship to O2

Obligate aerobes- use O2 for cell respiration; no growth w/o it



Obligate anaerobes- poisoned by O2; use fermentation or anaerobic respiration



Facultative anaerobes- use O2 if present but can grow aerobically

Prokaryotes: Nitrogen Metabolism

Able to metabolize most N compounds



Nitrogen fixation- convert N2 to NH3



Only biomechanism that makes atmospheric N2 available to organisms

Prokaryotes: Metabolic Cooperation

Allows them to use environmental resources they couldn't use as individual cells



ex. Anabaena- photosynthesis/N fixation occur in diff cells within colony

Prokaryotes: Metabolic Cooperation: Biofilms

surface coatings where MC could occur


MC occurs regardless of species or domain


ex. sulfate consuming bacteria and methane-consuming archaea

Prokaryotes: Bacteria: 5 Major Taxis Pt 1

Proteobacteria (Gram-negative)



Clamydias urethritis- most common STD in US



Spirochetes- syphilis, Lyme disease



Prokaryotes: Bacteria: 5 Major Taxis Pt 2

Cyanobacteria- only prokaryotes w/ plantlike oxygenic photosynthesis



Gram-positive bacteria


Actinomycetes- tuberculosis, leprosy


Streptomyces- antibiotics (stremtomycin)


Spore formers such as Bacillus anthracis & Clostridium btolinum

Prokaryotes: Archaea: 4 Major Clasdes

Korachaeota



Euryarchaeota-methanogens/halophiles; some Theromophiles



Crenarchaeota- most thermophiles



Nanoarcheota

Prokaryotes: Archaea: Environmental Criteria

Extreme- Thermophiles: Thrive in hot places 60 degrees Celsius+


Extreme Halophiles: Live in high-salt places; Great Salt Lakes, Dead Sea


Methanogens- obtain energy by using CO2 to oxidize H2 to CH4; strict anaerobes poisoned by O2

Prokaryotes: Ecological Impact

Decomposers- "Unlock" organic 'cules of corpses/waste products



Return inorganic environmental components to the air



Prokaryotes: Ecological Impact Pt 2

Cyanobacteria produce atmospheric O2



Bacteria/Archaea- important in nitrification



Only organisms that metabolize non-organic 'cules: iron, sulfer, nitrogen & hydrogen

Symbiosis

ecological relationship btwn organisms of diff species that are in direct contact

Symbiotic Relationships

Mutualism: both benefit



Commensalism: 1 receives benefits while neither harming/helping other



Parasitism: 1 benefits @ expense of host

Pathogenic Prokaryotes

cause 1/2 of all human disease



some opportunistic: ex. Sreptococcus pneumonia- live in throats of healthy ppl; cause pneumonia when defenses down

Pathogenic Prokaryotes: How do they Cause Disease

Tissue invasion



Produce poisons- endotoxins: lipopolysaccharide components of outer membrane


exotoxins- secreted


Prokaryotes: Research/Technological Use

Bioremediation: use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air, & soil


Treat sewage


Used to decompose petroleum compounds- pesticides, oil spills, radioactive wastes


Metabolic factories for commercial productions

Fungi: Basic Characteristics

Eukaryotes



Heterotrophs- acquire nutrients by absorption



Exoenzymes- digest food body by secreting powerful hydrolytic enzymes

Fungi: Function As

Decomposers: absorb nutrients from non-living organic material



Parasites: absorb nutrients from hosts cells



Mutualistic Symbionts: absorb nutrients from host but reciprocate

Fungi: Structure: Hyphae

tiny filaments



not present in yeasts & microsporidia



hyphae form interwoven mat= mycelium



Mycelia can be huge (maximizes surface area)


Fungi: Structure: Septa & Chitin

Septa: hyphae divided into cells



Cell walls: chitin- based


Fungi: Structure: Aseptate

asptate- hyphae not divided



coenocytic fungi- continuous cytoplasmic mass w/ 100s or 1000s of nuclei

Fungi: Parasitic

haustoria- absorbing hyphal tips that penetrate host tissue

Fungi: Reproduction

Release spores produced sexually or asexually





Fungi: Reproduction: Sexual Life Cycle

1. plasmogamy: fusion of 2 parents cytoplasms



2. karyogamy: fusion of haploid cell



stages can be separated by hrs to centuries



Meiosis restores haploid condition b4 spores produced; heterokaryon- mycelium @ interim

Fungi: Origins

Evolved from aquatic, unicellular flagellated protist like animals


DNA data- part of clade: opisthokonts 'long wit animals/ protisan relatives: nuclearids



Multicellularity evolved in animals/fungi independently

Fungi: Sexual Life Cycle: Haploid/Diploid

Nuclei of fungal hyphae & spores of most species are haploid, cept 4 transient diploid stage



Heterokaryon: mycelia w/ fusion of 2 hyphae w/ genetically different nuclei

Fungi: 5 Major Phyla

1. Chytridomycota


2. Zygomycota


3. Glomeromycota


4.Ascomycota


5.Basidiomycota

Fungi: Phylum Chytridomycota

Form zoospores: uniflagellated spores



Most primitive



Fungi: Phylum Zygomycota

Zygote fungi: form resistant structures during sexual reproduction


Asexual phase: bulbous black sporangia develop at tips of upright hyphae



Mycorrhizae- mutualistic association w/ plant roots; 1 group forms em