Campbell Biology Study Guide Chapter 8

Front 1

sexual reproduction:

Back 1

sperm and egg, offspring do not look exactly like parents, but look more like parents than others in species

Front 2

asexual reproduction

Back 2

no sperm or egg, offspring look exactly like parent cell. inherit DNA from single parent

Front 3

how do prokaryotes reproduce

Back 3

binary fission (mitosis becase the genetically offspring inherit DNA from single parent)

Front 4

chromatid

Back 4

one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome

Front 5

centromere

Back 5

where 2 sister chromosomes are joined together especially tightly

Front 6

kinetochore

Back 6

anchors that the microtubules attach to

Front 7

what happens during the cell cycle, or interphase

Back 7

G1, S, G2

Front 8

G1

Back 8

cell grows

Front 9

S

Back 9

DNA is synthesized

Front 10

G2

Back 10

replication of everything else

Front 11

interphase

Back 11

G1, S, G2

Front 12

prophase

Back 12

DNA coils and condenses. centosomes move apart and begin to form mitotic spindle

Front 13

prometaphase

Back 13

nucleur envelope breaks apart so that microtubules can get to the chromosomes. microtubules reach chromosomes

Front 14

metaphase

Back 14

chromosomes become organized in metaphase plate

Front 15

anaphase

Back 15

sister chromatids are pulled apart. pull on microtubules lengthens the cell

Front 16

telophase/cytokenesis

Back 16

cell pinches, microfilament band constricts at the center of the cell, forming a cleavage furrow. cell divides

Front 17

cleavage furrow

Back 17

shallow groove in the actin ring of the cytoplasm

Front 18

why do organisms, both single and multicellular, engage in mitosis?

Back 18

single cell: for reproduction. multicellular: to grow.

Front 19

somatic cell

Back 19

cell that's not a gamete

Front 20

homologous (sister) chromosomes

Back 20

chromosomes that paire because they both carry genes for the same characteristic at the sam eplace (locus)

Front 21

autosome

Back 21

non-sex chromosome

Front 22

gamete

Back 22

cell that has a single set of chromosomes (sperm and eggs)

Front 23

zygote

Back 23

what happens when 2 gametes are put together (diploid

Front 24

stages of Meiosis

Back 24

same as mitosis, but times 2

Front 25

Prophase I

Back 25

nuclear envelop breaks apart. synapsis. crossing over occurs and forms chromosome tetrads. spindle begins forming as the centrisomes move apart

Front 26

synapsis

Back 26

homologous chromosomes pair up on the metaphase plate

Front 27

Metaphase I

Back 27

microtubules attach to kinetochores. tetrads move to the metaphase plate. independent variation occurs.

Front 28

Anaphase I

Back 28

homologous chromosomes separate. pull of microtubules lengthens the cell.

Front 29

Telophase I

Back 29

microfilament band constricts at the center of the cell, forming a cleavage furrow. chromosomes uncoil. cell splits.

Front 30

Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

Back 30

just like mitosis, except you get 4 haploid cells in the end

Front 31

how does meiosis increase variation

Back 31

having chromosomes trade DNA

Front 32

why mitosis is different from meiosis

Back 32

diploid -> diploid, 4 phases. chromosomes duplicate only once.

Front 33

why meiosis is different form mitosis

Back 33

diploid -> haploid, 8 phases

Front 34

genetic recombination

Back 34

production of gene combinations different from those carried by original chromosomes

Front 35

crossing over

Back 35

exchange of corresponding segments between 2 homologous chromosomes

Front 36

chiasmata

Back 36

place where 2 homologous chromosomes cross over

Front 37

karyotype

Back 37

ordered display of magnified images of an individual's chromosomes arranged in paris, staring with the longest.

Front 38

allele

Back 38

unique DNA sequence at a particular locus

Front 39

dominant

Back 39

allele that determines phenotype

Front 40

recessive

Back 40

allele that doesn't determine phenotype (masked by dominant)