California State Board Exam

Front 1

A cow is discovered with a hepatic infarct at necropsy. What vaccine protocol should be instituted for the cattle on this ranch?

Back 1

-C. haemolyticum

Bacillary hemoglobinuria is an acute, infectious, toxemic disease caused by Clostridium haemolyticum.
http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/generalized_conditions/clostridial_diseases/bacillary_hemoglobinuria.html

Front 2

Boxer with raised, painful lesions in inguinal area….diagnosed as cutaneous hemangioma. What should be recommended to owner?

Back 2

-Decreased sun exposure

The term angioendothelioma is also used. These tumors generally arise spontaneously, but in dogs with short, often white coats, chronic solar injury has induced a change in the superficial vascular plexus, which initially appears as a hemangioma and then progresses to a malignant vascular tumor. The breeds prone to actinically induced angiosarcomas are Whippets, Italian Greyhounds, White Boxers, and Pit Bulls. Pathologists will often diagnose these lesions as cutaneous hemangiosarcomas.
http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/integumentary_system/tumors_of_the_skin_and_soft_tissues/connective_tissue_tumors.html?qt=cutaneous hemangioma&alt=sh

Front 3

Which condition constitutes an emergency in a horse

Back 3

-Acute bilateral tearing with no bletharospasm*


Presentation that requires emergency treatment:
Corneal perforation and laceration
Collagenase ulcers
Descemetocele

Front 4

A dog presents with persistent tonic/clonic seizures , hyperpnea, and nystagmus. Environmental stimulus does not worsen signs….what type of toxicity?

Back 4

-metaldehyde

Clinical signs of toxicosis are similar in all mammals. Nervous signs are prominent and may occur within 1–2 hr of ingestion. Initial signs include severe muscle tremors, anxiety, ataxia, and hyperesthesia. Severely affected animals show tachycardia, hyperthermia, and hyperpnea, followed by nystagmus, opisthotonos, and continuous tonic convulsions. Nystagmus is most severe in cats. Nervous signs are more continuous and less exaggerated by stimulation than in strychnine poisoning (see Strychnine Poisoning), which may appear clinically similar. Emesis, diarrhea, hypersalivation, and dyspnea, in all species, and profuse sweating in horses, are also seen.

Severe acidosis associated with CNS depression and hyperpnea develops due to acid metabolites and high muscle activity in all species. Cholinergic signs (especially pupillary constriction) and a drop in blood cholines-terase may occur if the product contains a carbamate or organophosphate. In high-level exposure, death (4–2

Front 5

Goat appears hyperstimulatory with hypermetric gait….what should be done?

Back 5

-move to another pasture

PEM may be acute or subacute. Animals with the acute form manifest blindness, recumbency, tonic-clonic seizures, and coma. Those with a longer duration of acute signs have poorer responses to therapy and higher mortality. Animals with the subacute form initially separate from the group, stop eating, and display twitches of the ears and face. The head is held in an elevated position and there is a staggering, sometimes hypermetric gait. As the disease progresses, there is cortical blindness with a diminished menace response and unaltered palpebral and pupillary responses. Dorsomedial strabismus may develop. Head pressing, opisthotonos, and grinding of the teeth may be observed.

Front 6

Cattle, several died and several present laterally recumbent, tongue hanging from the side of the mouth, what is the most likely diagnosis?

Back 6

- Clostridium botulinum

Front 7

Cows, several are blind with PLR and some died…what is the appropriate treatment for this condition?

Back 7

-Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)-

Front 8

How to diagnose avian trichomoniasis

Back 8

- crop/esophageal wet mount
- The infection is confirmed by finding the organism during microscopic examination of the greenish fluids, cheesy material or the lesion
Diagnosis should be confirmed by microscopic examination of a smear of mucus or fluid from the throat to demonstrate the presence of trichomonads. Trichomonads can be cultured easily in various artificial media such as 0.2% Loeffler's dried blood serum in Ringer's solution or a 2% solution of pigeon serum in isotonic salt solution. Good growth is obtained at 98.6°F (37°C). Antibiotics may be used to reduce bacterial contamination.
http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/poultry/trichomoniasis/overview_of_trichomoniasis.html?qt=avian trichomoniasis&alt=sh

Front 9

How to clinically access avian dehydration?

Back 9

- Ulnar vein refill time

Front 10

Bird breeder with avian aspergillosis identified in his flock, what should you recommend?

Back 10

-opportunistic pathogen, should evaluate environment

Aspergillosis
Fungal infections in pet birds are generally caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. An opportunistic organism, it is often found in the same locations and under the same conditions as many bacterial secondary invaders. Malnutrition, especially vitamin A deficiency, is a predisposing factor. Poor hygiene and inadequate ventilation, especially in warm, humid climates, can increase the incidence of this disease.
http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/exotic_and_laboratory_animals/pet_birds/mycotic_diseases_of_pet_birds.html?qt=avian aspergillosis&alt=sh

Front 11

Mammary gland condition in a young cat…diagnosis for if its benign

Back 11

-biopsy of gland

Fibroepithelial Hyperplasia. (Fibroepithelial hyperplasia) will usually occur in young, cycling, or pregnant female cats and has even been seen in litters prior to their first estrus. Old, unspayed females and males given megestrol acetate have developed this condition. Most affected cats exhibit hyperplasia I or 2 weeks after their first estrus. The tremendously enlarged glands may appear erythematous and some of the skin may be necrotic. Edema of the skin, subcutis, and both rear legs is common. This condition can be easily confused with an acute mastitis.

Front 12

What nerve block should be done to increase specificity of a palmar digital block in a horse?

Back 12

abaxial block- correct answer

Most clinicians proceed to an abaxial sesamoid nerve block if the horse's lameness is not reduced with a PDN block. With this regional nerve block, the palmar nerves are anesthetized at the level of the proximal sesamoid bones, before the nerve branches into the dorsal and palmar digital nerves. When performing an abaxial sesamoid nerve block, 2.5–3 mL of local anesthetic solution is deposited at the base of the proximal sesamoid bones over the neurovascular bundle, which is easily palpated at this location. More proximal deposition of local anesthetic solution may anesthetize a portion of the fetlock joint. Positive response to an abaxial sesamoid nerve block, performed after a PDN block has failed to ameliorate lameness, localizes the site of pain causing lameness to the pastern.


http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/musculoskeletal_system/lameness_in_horses/regional_anesthesia_in_equine_lameness.html?qt=abaxial nerve&alt=sh

Front 13

How long after an animal is left at hospital is it considered abandoned?

Back 13

-14 days
14 calendar days after the day the
animal was due to be picked up, the animal shall be deemed to be abandoned. The person into whose custody the animal was placed for care shall first try for a period of not less than 10 days to find a new owner for the animal, and, if unable to place the animal with a new owner, shall thereafter humanely destroy the animal so abandoned.

Front 14

What would cause a false positive on a coggins test (Equine Infectious Anemia in horses)

Back 14

- foals nursing from infected mares will test positive temporarily and recent infections will test negative for 1 week until antibodies form (incubation period is 1-3 weeks but can be as long as 3 mo).
http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/generalized_conditions/equine_infectious_anemia/overview_of_equine_infectious_anemia.html?qt=EIA false&alt=sh

Front 15

What is the best test for copper deficiency in cattle?

Back 15

liver-correct answer

Diagnosis is confirmed by demonstrating abnormal concentrations of molybdenum and copper in blood or liver and by a high dietary intake of molybdenum relative to copper.

http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/toxicology/molybdenum_poisoning/overview_of_molybdenum_poisoning.html

Front 16

2 zoonotic pathogens

Back 16

-Brucella and F. Tularemia- Correct answer

Tularemia (see Tularemia)
Francisella tularensis Type A (F tularensis tularensis) virulent, type B (F tularensis holarctica) less virulent
Rabbits, rodents, cats, sheep, other mammals, birds, reptiles, fish; often in wild animals
Type A in North America; Type B in North America, Europe, Asia Contact with mucous membranes, broken skin; insect bites; fomites; ingestion in food or water; inhalation Fever, headache, malaise; ulcerative skin lesions, pharyngitis, adenitis, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, sepsis; case fatality rate 5% (localized disease, untreated) to 35% (untreated typhoidal form)
http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/generalized_conditions/tularemia/overview_of_tularemia.html

Clinical description: brucellosis may present with acute or insidious onset, with continued, intermittent or irregular fever of variable duration, profuse sweating, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, headache, arthralgia and generalized aching. Absc

Front 17

Treatment of dog with fractured tooth, it is a two-rooted tooth, pulp exposed from one root only, other is intact

Back 17

-cut in half and remove both halves

Front 18

Puppy with retained maxillary canine tooth, what should be done

Back 18

-pull out the tooth at castration- correct answer

Front 19

What antibiotic given to cattle can cause death in humans?

Back 19

-tilmicosin- correct answer

Cattle have died after IV injection of tilmicosin; human deaths have occurred after accidental exposure.
http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/pharmacology/antibacterial_agents/macrolides.html?qt=tilmicosin&alt=sh

Front 20

A 2 y/o quarter horse collapses after exertion (probable HYPP). What dietary changes should be made?

Back 20

-decrease alfalfa, increase timothy hay, put out to pasture

- Common factors that trigger episodes include sudden dietary changes or ingestion of diets high in potassium (>1.1%), such as those containing alfalfa hay, molasses, electrolyte supplements, and kelp-based supplements.

-High-potassium feeds such as alfalfa hay, brome hay, canola oil, soybean meal or oil, sugar molasses, and beet molasses should be avoided. Optimally, later cuts of timothy or bermuda grass hay; grains such as oats, corn, wheat, and barley; and beet pulp should be fed in small meals several times a day

http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/musculoskeletal_system/myopathies_in_horses/myotonic_disorders_in_horses.html?qt=HYPP&alt=sh

Front 21

What food will cause excessive urination in the horse?

Back 21

alfalfa

A symptom of a horse that is fed alfalfa hay. Alfalfa hay is very high protein feed, up to 20% protein. An adult horse does not require that much protein. And in order to convert protein into an energy fuel, a horse’s digestive system has to work hard and as a result his metabolic rate and temperature rise. That means, in most cases, a loose, watery stool and a warm horse. Already I am getting thirsty

http://horsekeepingbycherryhill.wordpress.com/2011/04/02/a-little-alfalfa-goes-a-long-way-with-horses/
http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/management_and_nutrition/health-management_interaction_horses/nutrition_of_horses.html?qt=alfalfa urination&alt=sh

Front 22

Most likely cause of nitrate toxicity

Back 22

sudan- correct answer

Front 23

A dog with pancreatitis and petechiation. How to test for DIC?

Back 23

-Thrombocytopenia, prolonged PT and APTT, low plasma fibrinogen concentration, high serum FDP

Front 24

Review chem profile for a dog with addisons, lethargic, ….

Back 24

- hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, a sodium:potassium ratio of <25:1, azotemia, mild acidosis, and a normocytic, normochromic anemia.

-Severe GI blood loss has also been reported. Occasionally, mild hypoglycemia is present.

-The hyperkalemia results in ECG changes: an elevation (spiking) of the T wave, a flattening or absence of the P wave, a prolonged PR interval, and a widening of the QRS complex. Ventricular fibrillation or asystole may occur with potassium levels >11 mEq/L.

Front 25

How to treat non-complicated DM in a dog

Back 25

-insulin 2x per day-correct answer

Front 26

Review stress leukogram in a cow

Back 26

In cattle and most ruminants, the normal neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is ~0.5:1, and the neutrophilic response is weaker than in any other common domestic species. Leukopenia occurs early in bacterial infections in ruminants and persists longer than in other species due to their low bone marrow neutrophil reserve (storage) pool and lymphopenia secondary to endogenous corticosteroid release. A degenerative left shift frequently develops in ruminants with acute inflammatory disease; however, it does not carry the same poor prognosis as in other species unless the WBC count fails to increase in 2-3 days.

-characteristically have leukopenia, lymphopenia, and neutropenia the first few days. A return to normal of absolute lymphocyte and neutrophil numbers or neutrophilia are good prognostic signs. Persistent leukopenia or toxic changes in the neutrophils indicates an unfavorable prognosis.

Front 27

Cat with aortic emboli on necropsy. What else should you look for

Back 27

-enlarged left ventricle- correct answer

Front 28

How long is a health certificate good for?

Back 28

-30 d

Front 29

Who determines regulations when shipping an animal to AZ?

Back 29

-Arizona state health department

Front 30

Sx treatment for LDA

Back 30

-Omentopexy with L abomentopexy
- left abomasopexy (left flank), right omentopexy (paralumbar) and right paramedian abomasopexy
Open (surgical) and closed (percutaneous) techniques can be used to correct displacements. Rolling a cow through a 70° arc after casting her on her right side corrects most LDA; however, recurrence is very likely. LDA can be corrected surgically using right flank pyloric omentopexy, right paramedian abomasopexy, left paralumbar abomasopexy, combined left flank and right paramedian laparoscopy (two-step procedure), or left flank laparoscopy (one-step procedure). Blind suture techniques (toggle-pin fixation or the “big needle” [blind-stitch] method), performed in the right paramedian area, are percutaneous methods for correction of LDA; however, the exact location of the suture is not known. Potentially fatal complications can develop after blind suture techniques, and the reported success rate is less than that of surgical correction by right flank pyloric omen

Front 31

Diagnosis of a dog with salmon poisoning….

Back 31

fecal- correct answer

- Fluke ova are found on fecal examination in ~92% of cases
- SPD is caused by N helminthoeca and is sometimes complicated by a second agent, N elokominica, which causes EFF. The vector for these Neorickettsia agents is a small fluke, Nanophyetus salmincola. Dogs and other animals become infected by ingesting trout, salmon, or Pacific giant salamanders that contain encysted metacercariae of the rickettsia-infected fluke. In the dog's intestine, the larval flukes excyst, embed in the duodenal mucosa, and introduce the rickettsiae. The fluke infection itself produces little or no clinical disease. A recent report of SPD in 2 captive Malayan sun bears underscores the need to consider this etiology in non-native exotic species with compatible exposure and clinical histories.

http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/generalized_conditions/rickettsial_diseases/salmon_poisoning_disease_and_elokomin_fluke_fever.html?qt=salmon poisoning&alt=sh

Front 32

Treatment of a dog with salmon poisoning?

Back 32

-tetracycline and praziquantal

Front 33

Cattle that is intensely prurutic, most likely cause?

Back 33

-sarcopties scabiei

This very contagious disease is spread by direct contact or indirectly by fomites. The causative mite, Sarcoptes scabiei var bovis, can be transmitted to humans and is a reportable disease. Lesions start on the head, neck, and shoulders and can spread to other parts of the body; pruritus is intense. Papules develop into crusts, and the skin thickens and forms large folds. The whole body may be involved in 6 wk. Diagnosis is made by deep skin scrapings, skin biopsy, or response to therapy. Treatment is as for psoroptic mange (see below).
http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/integumentary_system/mange/mange_in_cattle.html?qt=sarcopties scabiei&alt=sh

Front 34

Acute clinical signs in a horse with streptococcus equi?

Back 34

-fever (103-106°F [39.4-41.1°C]).
-mucoid to mucopurulent nasal discharge, depression, and submandibular lymphadenopathy.
-Horses with retropharyngeal lymph node involvement will have difficulty swallowing, inspiratory respiratory noise (compression of the dorsal pharyngeal wall), and extended head and neck.

Older animals with residual immunity may develop an atypical or catarrhal form of the disease with mucoid nasal discharge, cough, and mild fever. Metastatic strangles ( “bastard strangles”) is characterized by abscessation in other lymph nodes of the body, particularly the lymph nodes in the abdomen and, less frequently, the thorax

Front 35

Young male cat with firm swelling, febrile. Treatment options?

Back 35

-drainage and AB- correct answer

Front 36

Horse with Oleander poisoning. Tx?

Back 36

gastric lavage and administration of activated charcoal.
Nerium oleander
Oleander
Nerium oleander (Oleander)


Nerium oleander (Oleander), close-up


Common ornamental in southern regions All Evergreen shrub or tree. Leaves whorled and prominently, finely, pinnately veined beneath. Flowers showy, white to deep pink. Digitoxin-type glycosides (oleandroside, nerioside, and others) in all parts, fresh or dry. Acute course. Severe gastro-enteritis, vomiting, diarrhea, increased pulse rate, weakness, death. No specific treatment. Atropine in conjunction with propranolol reported helpful

Front 37

Cow with supermammary lymph nodes and inguinal lymph node enlargement

Back 37

-bovine leukosis
http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/generalized_conditions/bovine_leukosis/overview_of_bovine_leukosis.html?qt=bovine leukosis&alt=sh

Look at ZUKU PDF

Front 38

What would cause condemnation of whole cow carcass?

Back 38

squamous cell carcinoma (ocular)- correct answer

http://www.fsis.usda.gov/pdf/lsit_postmortem.pdf

http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/clinical_pathology_and_procedures/meat_inspection/general_condemnations.html?qt=condemnation&alt=sh

Front 39

2 yo horse presents for castration….RR 40, temp of….what should you do?

Back 39

the horse is febrile and tachypeic, postpone castration…*
Adult normal TPR:
T:99-101°F
P:28-44 beats per minute
R:10-24 breaths per minute
CRT:<2 seconds
MM:moist healthy pink color
Gut sounds: Gurgling, gaslike growls, “tinkling” sounds (fluid), and occasionally “roars”

Front 40

Boston terrier with mucopurulent ocular discharge

Back 40

-KCS

Front 41

Cow presents with dystocia, on rectal palpation you feel fetal organs

Back 41

-schistostomus reflexus

Schistosomus reflexus (SR) is a rare and fatal congenital disorder. Primarily observed in ruminants, its defining features include spinal inversion, exposure of the abdominal viscera because of a fissure of the ventral abdominal wall, limb ankylosis, positioning of the limbs adjacent to the skull and, lung and diaphragm hypoplasia. Variable components of SR include scoliosis, cleft sternum, exposure of thoracic viscera, and abnormalities of the digestive and urogenital systems. This report presents the findings from an anatomical analysis of a female Holstein SR calf with thoracoschisis, scoliosis and anomalies of the appendicular skeleton, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and urogenital systems. Many of these malformations have not been previously reported. The reproductive tract of this case is particularly unique, displaying Muellerian duct abnormalities. These abnormalities suggest SR occurs as early as the post-gastrulation embryo and involves the intermediate mesoderm. Preliminary analysis of associated cases suggests that SR has a genetic aetiology.

http://www.vin.com/members/cms/document/default.aspx?objecttypeid=2&template=articleview&objectid=5456&said=1

Front 42

Guinea pig with skeletal abnormalities

Back 42

-vitamine c deficiency
METABOLIC AND NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS
Guinea pigs of all ages depend on a dietary source of vitamin C. The stability of vitamin C in diets varies with composition of the diet, storage temperature, and humidity. The feed content of vitamin C is reduced by dampness, heat, and light. In fortified diets, ~½ of the initial vitamin C may be oxidized and lost 90 days after the diet has been mixed and stored above 22°C. Water in an open container may lose up to 50% of its vitamin C in 24 hr. Aqueous solutions of vitamin C deteriorate more rapidly in metal, hard water, or heat and are more stable in neutral to alkaline solutions.
Clinical signs of hypovitaminosis C include diarrhea, alopecia, joint pain, and a thin, unkempt appearance. Petechiae on mucous membranes are not always seen, although hematuria may be present. Guinea pigs show signs of vitamin C deficiency within 2 wk if it is withheld. Serum hypercholesterolemia (>60 mg/dL) and hypertriglyceridemia (>30 mg/dL) are observed in vitamin C-deficient guinea pigs after an overnight fast. Guinea pigs need ~10 mg vitamin C/kg body wt daily for maintenance and 30 mg vitamin C/kg body wt daily during pregnancy. Vegetables high in vitamin C include red or green peppers, tomatoes, spinach, and asparagus.
http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/exotic_and_laboratory_animals/rodents/guinea_pigs.html?qt=Guinea pig&alt=sh

Front 43

Goat with white costacondral junctions, rickets

Back 43

Vit D deficiency- correct answer
Rickets
Vitamin D deficiency in young ruminants can cause failure of proper cartilage mineralization, creating the condition called rickets. Most commonly seen in young, growing kids/lambs raised indoors due to harsh winter conditions. Clinical signs include stiff gait, reluctance to move, enlarged joints, or dark/thick hair-coated youngstock. Blood chemistry will reveal elevated ALP and low levels of calcium or phosphorus. Radiographs reveal widened growth plates, bowing of long bones, and thin cortices. Treatment is SQ vitamin D3 (as vit A/D injectable). Use with caution to prevent vit D3 toxicity. Prevention is exposure to sunlight, vit A/D injections, and dietary Ca:P ratio of 1:1 or 1:2.
http://www.vin.com/members/proceedings/proceedings.plx?CID=CVMA2012&PID=84778&O=VIN&id=5421909

Front 44

Cows are dying right after eating….

Back 44

nitrate toxicity- correct answer

Clinical Findings
Signs of nitrite poisoning usually appear suddenly due to tissue hypoxia and low blood pressure as a consequence of vasodilation. Rapid, weak heartbeat with subnormal body temperature, muscular tremors, weakness, and ataxia are early signs of toxicosis when methemoglobinemia reaches 30–40%. Brown, cyanotic mucous membranes develop rapidly as methemoglobinemia exceeds 50%. Dyspnea, tachypnea, anxiety, and frequent urination are common. Some monogastric animals, usually because of excess nitrate exposure from nonplant sources, exhibit salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and gastric hemorrhage. Affected animals may die suddenly without appearing ill, in terminal anoxic convulsions within 1 hr, or after a clinical course of 12–24 hr or longer. Acute lethal toxicoses almost always are due to development of ≥80% methemoglobinemia.
http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/toxicology/nitrate_and_nitrite_poisoning/overview_of_nitrate_and_nitrite_poisoning.html?qt=nitrate toxicity&alt=sh

Front 45

Horse with mucosal ulcers, hypersalivating

Back 45

vesicular stomatitis- correct answer

Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a virus caused disease that primarily affects cattle, horses, and swine. The disease can also affect many other species of animals and has occurred in sheep, goats, wildlife, and occasionally humans. The major significance of the disease is its nearly identical appearance to the truly devastating foot and mouth disease, which was eradicated from the United States nearly seven decades ago. For more information, see our
http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/ahfss/animal_health/Horses_Equine_Health.html

Front 46

Yellow Star Thistle toxicity in a horse

Back 46

- Nigro pallidal encephalomalacia- loss of control of muscles of mastication, tremors and dystonia of the lip muscles and tongue
-horse looses weight, decreased eating and muscle wasting
- The toxin that is produced by the plant causes "Chewing Disease" which is officially called nigropallidal encephalomalacia. The disease is called Chewing Disease because it makes it impossible for the horse to swallow. The toxin affects the brain, causing a softening of the tissues.
- conditions-non irrigated pasture and alfalfa

Front 47

Cat in a cage behaving abnormally, attacks cage door when you tap….what could cause these neurologic signs?

Back 47

rabies- correct answer

Front 48

Horse on trailride, tickborne disease (sounds like ehrlichia equi). What test should be run to diagnose?

Back 48

CBC with Buffy coat exam

Front 49

2 yo cat with unilateral nasal discharge

Back 49

nasal polyps- correct answer

Front 50

Cockerspanial with prolapse of 3rd eyelid gland which occurred 2 weeks prior, treatment?

Back 50

sx replace- correct answer

-the dog should ideally have surgery to replace the cherry eye behind the 3rd eyelid because the dog will be more prone to KCS. The gland should not be removed. The other eye should be watched carefully too because this is usually bilateral. Topical pred or dex will help reduce the swelling but surgery will repair the problem

Front 51

Cow with bilateral ulcers, tearing and bletharospasm…what should you do?

Back 51

check 3rd eyelid for grass awns- correct answer

Front 52

Dog with unknown trauma, proptosed eye which is intact, edematous and erythematous…what should be done

Back 52

-replace, suture eye closed, anti-inflammatory drugs

Front 53

Dog with bletharospasm and scleral ejection…what should be done to diagnose problem? (sounds like glaucoma)

Back 53

tonometrey- correct answer

Front 54

Horse with rattlesnake bite…tx?

Back 54

AB and anti-inflammatory

http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/toxicology/snakebite/overview_of_snakebite.html?qt=rattlesnake&alt=sh

Front 55

Conditions for rhodococcus equi in a horse (old question….dry and dusty and age group of susceptible foals)

Back 55

-reduce dust and separate foal to control
-1-6 mo dry and cold

Front 56

Herd management for outbreak of caseous lymphadenitis

Back 56

-isolate infected animals. Organism is susceptible to penicillin may try to lance and flush with iodine if a valuable animal
-Cull infected animals with recurrent abscesses. Reducing transmission is key. Shear animals with abscesses last. Vaccines are available and will reduce incidence and prevelance but will not eliminate or cure infection.
-Vaccinate lambs at 3-4 mo old with annual boosters to breeding stock 1 mo before parturition

Front 57

Herd management strategy for paratuberculosis (johns disease) in cattle.

Back 57

-hygiene and cull positive cows. Vaccs on calves can be effective in reducing disease incidence but does not eliminate infection

Front 58

A condition commonly seen in African Gray parrots.

Back 58

-hypocalcemia

Acute Hypocalcemia in African Grey Parrots
This syndrome is characterized by weakness, tremors, and seizures. The exact etiology is unknown, although parathyroid hormone abnormalities and UV light requirements in this species are being studied. The administration of parenteral calcium may effect immediate improvement. Differential diagnoses include heavy metal toxicosis, viral infections (PDD, circovirus), trauma, and idiopathic epilepsy. In young birds, especially African Grey parrots, hypocalcemia may present as osteodystrophy, with curvature and deformation of the long bones and vertebrae.
http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/exotic_and_laboratory_animals/pet_birds/nutritional_diseases_of_pet_birds.html?qt=hypocalcemia parrot&alt=sh

Front 59

A dog is doing poorly post-cystotomy…how to determine uroperitoneum. (old question)

Back 59

Creatinine of fluid is higher than the serum

Front 60

Dog with GDV, where would you expect to see the pylorus with an 180 degree rotation? (old question).

Back 60

-Pylorus shifted to left of the midline (and cranially)

Front 61

What clinical sign would you expect to see in a dog with digitalis toxicity?

Back 61

-Decreased appetite

Other signs of toxicity include diarrhea, anorexia, and nausea and vomiting due to direct stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone. Frequently, these are the earliest indications of toxicity. Neurologic effects include malaise and drowsiness

Front 62

Which is reportable within 24 hours?

Back 62

-Screw worm

Screwworms are fly larvae (maggots) that feed on living flesh. These parasites can infect any warm-blooded animal. Screwworms enter wounds as small as an insect bite and feed on living tissue in the area. If untreated, screwworm infestations can be fatal. In the US, Screwworm is a Foreign Animal Disease reportable within 24 hours of diagnosis. For more information see our Screwworm web page.

http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/ahfss/animal_health/Horses_Equine_Health.html

Front 63

sarcoids in horses. Know which is hemorrhaging

Back 63

Sarcoids can occur as single or multiple lesions in different forms, ranging from small wart-like lesions to large ulcerated fibrous growths. Six distinct clinical entities are recognized: 1) Occult–flat, gray, hairless and persistent; often circular or roughly circular. 2) Verrucose–gray, scabby or warty in appearance and may contain small, solid nodules; possible surface ulceration; well defined or cover large, ill-defined areas. 3) Nodular–multiple, discrete solid nodules of variable size; may ulcerate and bleed. 4) Fibroblastic–fleshy masses, either with a thin pedicle or a wide flat base, that commonly bleed easily; may have a wet, hemorrhagic surface. 5) Mixed–variable mixtures of 2 or more types. 6) Malevolent–an extremely rare, aggressive tumor that spreads extensively through the skin; cords of tumor tissue intersperse with nodules and ulcerating fibroblastic lesions.

http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/integumentary_system/tumors_of_the_skin_and_soft_tissues/equine_sarcoids.html?qt=sarcoids hemorrhage&alt=sh

Front 64

perennial rye grass toxicity in sheep

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Because movement and handling of animals exacerbates signs, individual treatment is generally impractical. Recovery is spontaneous in 1–2 wk if animals are moved to nontoxic pastures or crops.


Signs develop gradually over a few days. Fine tremors of the head and nodding movements are the first signs noted in animals approached quietly and watched carefully. Noise, sudden exercise, or fright elicits more severe signs of head nodding with jerky movements and incoordination when first moved. Running movements are stiff and bounding with marked incoordination and often result in collapse in lateral recumbency with opisthotonos, nystagmus, and flailing of stiffly extended limbs. In less severe cases, the attack soon subsides and within minutes the animal regains its feet. If again forced to run, the episode is repeated. Signs are most severe when the animal is heat stressed.

http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/toxicology/ryegrass_toxicity/perennial_ryegrass_staggers.html

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Avian disease reportable in 24 hours?

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• Avian influenza (H5 or H7)
• Exotic Newcastle disease
• Turkey rhinotracheitis (Avian metapneumovirus)
http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/ahfss/Animal_Health/pdfs/CA_reportable_disease_list_poster.pdf

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Avian zoonosis

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-Chlamydia psitacci
- E rhusiopathiae can infect humans and causes a disease called erysipeloid
- salmonella pollolum and gallinarum
- Newcastle (paramyxovirus)
- campylobacter jejuni

http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/poultry/erysipelas/overview_of_erysipelas_in_poultry.html
http://faculty.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/faculty/bbchomel/WHO_Zoonoses/PDF/Avianzoo1.pdf

http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/zoonoses/zoonoses/zoonotic_diseases.html#v3357819

http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/outreach/AvianZoonoticDiseases2009b.pdf