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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Are Micronutrients essential? |
1. they perform specific biological functions 2. they are not endogenously synthesized at rates to meet sufficient requirements 3. a deficiency results when they are withdrawn from the diet and is corrected when the nutrient is added back |
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What are minerals |
1. Bioavailability (highly variable, abs varies with need, interaction with other minerals) 2. function as metalloenzymes 3. results in toxicity when in excess 4. metabolic interaction |
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What are vitamins |
1. vitamers 2. susceptible to degredation 3. coenzymes 4. fat and water soluble |
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What are the types of Vit B |
1. Thiamine (pyruvate decarboxylation) 2. Niacin (NAD, NADP) 3. Riboflavin (FAD, FMN) 4. Pantothenic Acid (CoA) 5. Pyridoxine (Transaminase reactions) |
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The steps to osteoporosis |
Compressed vertebrae pain, mobility bones susceptible to degredation |
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What are the bone growth team? |
Players: Minerals (Ca, P, Mg) Coaches: Vitamin D Assistants: Vit ACK
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Calcium functions |
Acute: blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve function, immune function chronic: mineral for bone and teeth, bone turnover |
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Calcium regulation |
Acute: Blood ca must be maintained, not regulated by diet Chronic: Low dietary ca, low bone mineralisation |
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When Ca levels HIGH |
1.Thyroid gland secrets calcitonin 2. calcitonin inhibits the activation of vitamin D 3. calcitonin prevents the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys 4. limits the abs of calcium in the intestines 5. inhibits osteoclast cells from breaking down bone to release Ca |
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When Ca levels LOW |
1. parathyroid glands secrets PTH 2. PTH stimulates the activation of Vit D 3. Vit D and PTH stimulates reabsorption of ca in the kidneys 4. vit d enhances abs of ca in the intestines 5. stimulate osteoclast cells to break down bone, releasing ca in the blood |
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What is Ca RDA |
1000mg/day |
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What is Ca UL |
2500 mg/dau |
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Sources of Ca |
milk, fortified soy beverages NOTHING from meat |
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Increase Calcium Abs (30% in adults, 50% for pregnancy, children) |
1. anabolic hormones 2. vit d 3. gastric meal 4. low phosphate intake 5. lactose |
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Decrease Calcium Abs |
1. vit d deficiency 2. lack of stomach acid 3. age 4. high phosphate intake 5. high insoluble fiber 6. phytates, oxalates 7. high protein intake |
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Bioavailability of Ca |
insoluble fiber, oxalates, phytates all bind Ca and reduce abs |
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Urinary Ca excretion influenced by |
1. age 2. calcium intake 3. caffeine 4. dietary sodium 5. dietary protein |
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Types of calcium supplements |
1. AA chelates 2. Bone meal, dolomite, oyster shell 3. Calcium citrate, gluconate, malate, carbonate (well absorbed) 4. Multivitamins |
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Effects of too much Ca supplements |
1. decrease abs of iron and other minerals 2. kidney stones 3. vit d toxicity 4. exposure to contaminants |
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VIt D |
1.synthesized from cholesterol - cholecalciferol 2. obtained from exposure to sunlight and diet (fish, liver, egg yolkds) |
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Functions of Vit D |
1. regulated blood ca levels 2. required for ca abs (calbindin) 3. stimulates osteoclasts 4. needed for bone calcification 5. New: cell differentiation and immunity |
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Vit D actions in body |
1. stomach - increase ca abs 2. kidney - decrease ca excretion in the urine 3. bone - stimulate bone mineralization |
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Vit D RDA |
15 ug/d |
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Sources of Vit D |
1. fatty fish 2. fortified foods |
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UL for Vit D |
100 ug/day |
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Vit D deficiency |
1. osteomalacia decrease ca abs, defective mineralisation (low bone remodelling, softening of bone), bone pain, hip fracture risk 2. Rickets in children where bones don't mineralize properly |
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Minerals and bone |
1. phosphorous forms hydroxyapatite. high intake decrease ca abs 2. magnesium conversion of vit D to active form, blood clotting, muscle contraction |
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Vitamins and bone |
1. A - bone remodelling, osteoclast activity 2. C - cofactor for collagen synthesis 3. K - conenzyme for bone protein |
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Osteoporosis prevention/treatment |
1. nutriton 2. physical activity 3. quit smoking/ decrease alcohol 4. anti resportive agents inhibit osteoclast (Bisphosphonates, SERMS-raloxifene, calcitonin) 5. anabolic agents to stimulate osteoblast PTH |