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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a homologous series?
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A group of similar compounds with the same general formula.
-these compounds contain the same element and have similar molecular structures -similar chemical properties, react in a similar way. |
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What changes as the physical properties change?
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The compounds gradually increase in size
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How can you tell how many carbon atoms an element has?
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Meth=1
Eth=2 Pro=3 But=4 |
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What are the similarities and differnces between alkenes and alkanes?
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They are both hydrocarbons so only contain hydrogen and carbon atoms.
However............... Alkanes have the general formulla of CnH2n+2 Alkenes have the general formula of CnH2n. because there is a double bond between the chain of carbon atoms. |
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What are Alchohols
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They have the fuctional group of "OH". and all end in "ol"
The general formula is CnH2n+1OH |
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What is a carboxyllic acid?
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They have the functional group "COOH"
They have the general formula f CnH2n+1COOH Their names end in "-anioc acid" |
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What is fermentation?
What is the general formula for glucose fermentation? What is a source for the carbohydrate? What does the yeast cell contain? |
-process of using yeast to convert carbohydrate (sugars) into alcohol
-glucose======ethanol and carbondioxide -sugar cane and sugar beet. -an enzyme |
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List the steps to making an ethanol solution?
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-mix yeast and a solution of carbohydrate in a clean container. seal the container and leave it in a warm place.
-keep the mixture between 30 and 40- fermentation happens fastest between these temps. at lower temp. the reaction slows down. too ho and the enzymes in the yeast denature. |
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Why must the mixture be kept in anaerobic conditions?
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-oxygen would convert the ethanol to ethanoic acid(vinegar)
-When the concentration gets to 15%, the fermentation will stop as yeast gets killed off by alcohol -the yeast will fall to the bottom of the container and you can collect the solution of ethanol from the top. |
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How can the concentration of alcohol be increased to above 20%?
Differnt types of alcoholic drink contain...... What is fractional distillation? |
-By fractional distillation.
brandy is distilled from wine -different percentages of ethanol. -using heat to separate mixtures. |
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Describe the process of fractional distillation?
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1.dilute solution of ethanol is produced by fermentation
2. ethanol has a lower boiling point than water. this mean that when when the fermentation mixture is heated, ethanol evaporates and the vapour rises up the farctionating column, while water stays as liquid. 3. a liebig condenser is used to condense the ethanol vapour by cooling it. the cocentrated ethanol can be collecte n a separate flask. |
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what are the pros and cons of fermentation?
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-renewable resource so wont run out
-the quality of the ethanol solution isn't great. its expensive to concentrate and purify the ethanol. |
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how else can ethanol be made?
How is ethene obtained? why is this industrial process an advantage? |
ethene can be reacted with steam(water) to produce ethanol(industrially). this is hydration
-ethene is made by cracking crude oil fraction -it is a cheap process because ethene is fairly cheap to obtain and not much of it is wasted. -the ethanol is made n a large chemical plant and can be made continuously and quickly. the product is high quality and needs little further processing ethene+water=ethanol |
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What is the advantage
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Ethene is produced form crude oil, which is a non-renewable resource and will start running out soon. meaning that using ethene to make ethanol will become very expensive.
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What are the disadvantages of alcohol?
what are its effect on the body? What is binge drinking? |
-lowers inhibition, which helps to socialise and relax with each other.
-reduces activity of the nervous system. getting drunk leads to increased reaction times, impaired judgement, poor balance and coordination, unconsciousness and even a coma. -dehydration which can cause damage to brain cells. this cause a noticeable drop in brain function and can lead to long term memory loss. too much can cause liver damage, leading to liver disease. -drinking loads of alcohol at once. |
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Why can too much alcohol be bad for society?
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-addiction to alcohol=alcoholism.
-binge drinking=drinking loads of alcohol at once -it can lead to family breakdown and loss of job and even becoming homessness -getting drunk can lead to irresponsible sexual behaviour -economic cost. more doctors/nurses in A/E to treat drink related injuries |
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how can the ethene be gotten back
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-ethanol can be dehydrated to ethene
-this is a reverse from hydration of ethene -plastc and polymer industry uses lots of ethene. -ethanol vapour is passed over hot aluminium oxide catalyst -ethanol=ethene+water |
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how is ethanoic acid made?
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-from oxidised ethanol
-Ethanol+oxygen==vinegar+water -this reaction if used for the the commercial production of vinegar -vinegar is used for flavouring and preserving food like pickled onons - a type of carboxllic acid |
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it reacts just like any other acid with...
salts formed from ethanoic acids are called? Reaction with metals equations? Reaction with base equations? Reaction with carbonate equations? |
-metals, bases and carbonate
*ethanoate *ethanoic acid + magnesium=hydrogen+magnesium ethanoate *ethanoic acid+NaOH=sodium ethanoate+ water *ethanoic acid+sodum carbonate=sodium ethanoate+co2+water |
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How can we test for ethanoic acid?
-How are Esters formed -what else is added -what else is made during the reacton |
-It is an acid therefore will turn universal indicator red and litmus paper red
-when alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid -an acid catalyst is usually used(concentrated sulfuric acid) -water |
