C1

Front 1

What components make up the earths atmosphere ?

Back 1

-Nitrogen 78%

-Oxygen 21%

-Argon and other noble gases 1%

- Small amounts of carbon dioxide, water vapour and particulates.

Front 2

Why does the amount of water vapour and pollution gases vary ?

Back 2

Because of the different amount of human activity or by natural processes ( e.g. volcanoes )

Front 3

What was the earths atmosphere like 4 billion years ago ?

Back 3

The early atmosphere contained ammonia, water vapour and carbon dioxide. These gases came from inside the Earth and were released through the action of volcanoes.

Front 4

What was the earths atmosphere like 3 billion years ago ?

Back 4

The temperature fell, and so water vapour condensed to form oceans and seas.

Front 5

What was the earths atmosphere like 2 billion years ago ?

Back 5

The evolution of photosynthesising organisms started reducing carbon dioxide and increasing oxygen

Front 6

What was the earths atmosphere like 1 billion year ago ?

Back 6

Carbon from carbon dioxide in the air became locked up in sedimentary rocks as carbonates and fossil fuels after dissolving in the oceans.

Front 7

What chemicals are harmful to the environment and why ?

Back 7

Carbon dioxide traps heat in the Earth's atmosphere.

Nitrogen oxides causes acid rain, can cause breathing problems and make asthma worse.

Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain.

Carbon monoxide displaces oxygen in the blood which can result in death.

Particulates make buildings dirty and can build up in the lungs causing lung infections and can meek asthma worse.

Front 8

How do you measure pollutants?

Back 8

You measure the concentration in ppb (parts per billion)

Front 9

What can be the cause a vary in data ?

Back 9

- variables (factors change)

- all measuring equipment has limited accuracy

- the users skill can limit the accuracy

Front 10

Where is carbon monoxide emissions produced ?

Back 10

Road transport, homes and other industries.

Front 11

What are elements made up of ?

Back 11

A group of the same atoms that are unique to the element.

Front 12

What are molecules ?

Back 12

Atoms that have joined together to form bigger building blocks.

Front 13

What is a compound ?

Back 13

When two or more different elements are chemically combined.

Front 14

In what ways can atoms change during a chemical reaction ?

Back 14

- joined atoms may be separated.

- separate atoms may be joined.

- joined atoms May superstate then rejoin in different ways.

Front 15

What is oxidation ?

Back 15

A chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen joins with an element or compound.

Front 16

What is reduction ?

Back 16

A chemical reaction that occurs oxygen is removed.

Front 17

What is combustion ?

Back 17

A chemical reaction that occurs when fuels burn, releasing heat. Oxygen must be present.

Front 18

Combustion of coal word equation and formula equation.

Back 18

Carbon + oxygen --(forms)-> carbon dioxide

C + O2 --(forms)-> CO2

Front 19

What is complete combustion ?

Back 19

When a hydrocarbon (a compound made of hydrogen and carbon) burns in air to produce carbon dioxide and water.

The reaction is more rapid in pure oxygen than in air.

Front 20

What is incomplete combustion in car engines ?

Back 20

If a fuel is burned and there is not enough oxygen in the air water and either carbon particulates or carbon monoxide may be produced.

Front 21

What are the word and symbol equations for incomplete combustion in car engines?

Back 21

Methane + oxygen --(forms)-> carbon dioxide + water

CH4 + 2O2 --(forms)-> CO2 + 2H2O

Methane + oxygen --(forms)-> carbon monoxide + water

2CH4 + 3O2 --(forms)-> 2CO + 4H2O

Methane + oxygen --(forms)-> carbon + water

CH4 + O2 --(forms)-> C + 2H2O

Front 22

What happens in the incomplete combustion of coal ? What is the word and formula equations of this ?

Back 22

Coal contains sulfer, so sulfer dioxide is released into the atmosphere if it is burned.

Sulfer + oxygen --(forms)-> sulfer dioxide + water

S + O2 --(forms)-> SO2

Front 23

What causes nitrogen oxides to be produced ?

Back 23

During the combustion of fuels, high temperatures can cause nitrogen in the atmosphere to react with oxygen and produce nitrogen oxides.

Front 24

What are the two equations for the two steps of making nitrogen oxides?

Back 24

1) Nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide.

Nitrogen + oxygen --(forms)-> nitrogen monoxide

N2 + O2 --(forms)-> 2NO

2) nitrogen monoxide is oxidised to produce nitrogen dioxide.

Nitrogen monoxide + oxygen --(forms)->nitrogen dioxide

2NO + O2 --(forms)-> 2NO2

Front 25

What issues do carbon particulates cause ?

Back 25

They can be deposited on surfaces, it can also effect breathing and can make asthma worse.

Front 26

What are local authorities providing to reduce air pollution ?

Back 26

- Doorstep recycling,

- Regular public transport,

- Electric trams,

- Congestion charges,

- Park and ride

- Cycle paths and parks,

Front 27

What personal choices can we make to reduce the amount of air pollution we produce ?

Back 27

- Using less energy at home,

- Recycling materials,

- Using 'greener' transport,

Front 28

What national choices can be made to help reduce the amount of air pollution produced by the UK?

Back 28

- Setting legal limits for vehicle exhausts,

- Making catalytic converters compulsory for new cars,

- Introducing car tax systems so people but smaller engines,

- Encouraging investments into renewable energy,

Front 29

What needs to be considered when making national choices ?

Back 29

Benefits and needs need to be weighed up against all the problems, this can result in different countries making different decisions.

Front 30

What are the benefits and problems of using biofuels ?

Back 30

Benefits,

- Renewable source that is carbon zero

Problems,

- Lots of land needed to grow biomass,

- Transportation of biomass to generator ,

Front 31

What are the benefits and problems of electric cars?

Back 31

Benefits,

- No exhaust fumes,

- Quiet engines,

Problems,

- Lots of charging stations needed,

- Battery life,

- Cost,

- Length of time needed to recharge batteries,

Front 32

How does carbon dioxide effect our environment ?

Back 32

Some of it is removed by natural processes like photosynthesis, some is also dissolved in rain and sea water where it reacts with other chemicals in the water.

However carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and we are producing too much and the concentration in our atmosphere is increasing, it is contributing to global warming, which is leading to climate change.

Front 33

How does sulfer and nitrogen dioxide effect out environment ?

Back 33

It dissolves in water to produce acid rain. It can erode building, upset the pH balance in lakes and river which can kill animals which will effect the whole food chain.

Front 34

What does a correlation between two things suggest ?

Back 34

That one might be a cause of the other, however it doesn't provide conclusive evidence because there are a lot of other variables that could have influenced the outcome.

Front 35

How can emissions from power stations be reduced ?

Back 35

- Use less energy so there is less demand for fossil fuels to be burned.

- Remove toxic chemicals before they are burned.

- Use alternative, renewable sources.

- Use a filter system to remove sulfer dioxide and particulates from flue gasses.

Front 36

What is wet scrubbing ?

Back 36

A method of cleaning exhaust air or flu gases.

Front 37

How is sulfer dioxide removed by wet scrubbing ?

Back 37

The flue gas is brought into contact of the alkaline slurry ( limestone (calcium carbonate) or lime (calcium oxide) ) and water. The alkaline slurry is sprayed onto the pollutant gas flow, where the sulfer dioxide is absorbed onto its surface. The absorbed sulfer dioxide is then converted to calcium sulfate.

Front 38

What is seawater wet scrubbing ?

Back 38

Flue gases are washed with seawater, which dissolved the sulfer oxides. The acidic dissolved sulfer oxides will react with alkalis, such as hydro carbonates present in the sea water to produce sulfer salts.

Front 39

How can we reduce emissions from motor vehicles ?

Back 39

- Buying a new, efficient engine.

- Buying an electric car.

- Use low-sulfer fuel.

- Converting the engine to run on biodiesel.

- Use public transport.

- Fit cars with catalytic converters which reduce the amount of carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide emitted.

Front 40

What are the reaction that happen within catalytic converters?

Back 40

1) Carbon monoxide is oxidised to carbon dioxide.

Carbon monoxide + oxygen --(forms)-> carbon dioxide

2CO + O2 --(forms)-> 2CO2

2) Nitrogen monoxide is reduced to nitrogen by losing oxygen

Nitrogen monoxide + carbon monoxide --(forms)-> nitrogen + carbon dioxide

2NO + 2CO --(forms)-> N2 + 2CO2