Bz101 Exam 1

Front 1

Describe the characteristics of living things

Back 1

-organized
-acquire materials and energy
-reproduce
-respond to stimuli
-homeostatic
-grow and develop
-have capacity to adapt to the environment

Front 2

Levels of biological organization

Back 2

1- Atom
2- Molecule
3- Cell
4- Tissue
5- Organ
6- Organ system
7- Organism
8- Population
9- Community
10- Ecosystem
11- Biosphere

Front 3

Population

Back 3

Organisms of the same species in a particular area

Front 4

Community

Back 4

interacting populations in a particular area

Front 5

Ecosystem

Back 5

A community plus the physical environment

Front 6

Biosphere

Back 6

Regions of the Earths crust, waters, and atmosphere inhabited by living things

Front 7

Biodiversity

Back 7

Encompasses the total number of species, the variability of their genes, and the ecosystems in which they live

Front 8

Steps in conducting an experiment

Back 8

-Observation
-Hypothesis
-Experiment
-Conclusion

Front 9

Control

Back 9

goes through all steps of the experiment but isnt exposed to the factor being tested

Front 10

Systematics

Back 10

the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms according to specific criteria

Front 11

3 Domains

Back 11

-Archaea= extreme environments
-Bacteria= water, soil, skin, digestive tracts
-Eukarya= cells w/ nuclei (animals/humans)

Front 12

Taxonomy

Back 12

assignment of a binomial or two-part name to each species

i.e.= humans --> Homo sapiens

-in Latin

Front 13

Classifications in order

Back 13

-Domain
-Kingdom
-Phyllum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species

Front 14

Theory

Back 14

More like a hypothesis with enough people to consider it a "law"

Front 15

Principle

Back 15

theory accepted by overwhelming amounts of scientists

Front 16

Organic molecules

Back 16

-always contain carbon and hydrogen

-functional group can be attached to carbon chains

Front 17

Monomer

Back 17

simple organic molecules that exist individually

-monosaccharide= glucose, amino acids

Front 18

Polymer

Back 18

large organic molecules form by combining monomers

Front 19

Dehydration reaction

Back 19

an -OH and -H are removed as a water molecule

Front 20

Hydrolysis

Back 20

the components of water are added

Front 21

Carbohydrates

Back 21

-function for quick fuel and short term energy storage.

-play structural role in plants, bacteria and arthropods

Front 22

Structural carbohydrates

Back 22

cellulose

Front 23

Storage carbs

Back 23

Starch (glucose in plants)

glycogen (glucose in animals)

Front 24

Why cant humans digest cellulose

Back 24

-the up-down linkage of oxygen atoms

Front 25

Why should we eat cellulose?

Back 25

-Healthy
-Prevents colon cancer

Front 26

Lipids

Back 26

-contain more energy per gram than any other biological molecules while fats and oils function as energy storage molecules in organisms

Front 27

3 major lipids

Back 27

-fats (animal) and oils (plant)
-steroids (cholesterol)
-phospholipids (cell membranes)

Front 28

Saturated fat

Back 28

-no double covalent bonds b/w carbon atoms

-saturated with amount of hydrogen able to hold

Front 29

Unsaturated

Back 29

-double bonds b/w carbon atoms wherever the number of hydrogens is less than two per carbon atom

Front 30

Trans fat

Back 30

-produced by hydrogenation or chemical addition of hydrogen to vegetable oils

Front 31

Hydrophobic part of phospholipid

Back 31

Tails

Front 32

Hydrophilic part of phos.

Back 32

Head

Front 33

Function of cholesterol

Back 33

-part of plasma membrane
-precursor to other steroids (bile salts, sex hormones)
-can cause fat to line blood vessels

Front 34

Bile emulsification

Back 34

-fat droplets dispense in water
-bile emulsifies fats in small intestine
-breaks fats into smaller droplets

Front 35

Proteins

Back 35

polymers composed of amino acid monomers

Front 36

Protein Structure

Back 36

Primary- linear sequence of amino acids
Secondary- begins to develop helix
Tertiary- final stage of 3D shape
Quarternary- multiple peptide chains (Hemoglobin)

Front 37

How many amino acids exist?

Back 37

20 groups

Front 38

Functions of proteins

Back 38

-structural
-enzymes
-hormones
-transport molecules
-antibodies

Front 39

Peptide bond

Back 39

chain of amino acids linked together

Front 40

Denaturation

Back 40

irreversable deformation of a protein

Front 41

Alzheimers

Back 41

-Neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques

Front 42

Nucleic Acids

Back 42

-DNA
-RNA

Front 43

Nucleotide

Back 43

phosphate, pentose sugar, nitrogen-containing base

Front 44

DNA

Back 44

-double stranded helix
-Deoxyribose
-Thymine

Front 45

RNA

Back 45

-Single helix
-Ribose
-Uracil

Front 46

Cell Theory

Back 46

-All organisms are made up of basic living units called cells and that all cells come from previous cells

Front 47

Van Leeuwenhoek

Back 47

-1st light microscope
-1st to view sperm

Front 48

Hooke

Back 48

-1st to use the term "cell"

Front 49

Schleiden

Back 49

Plants are made of cells

Front 50

Schwann

Back 50

animal tissue is made of cells

Front 51

Virchow

Back 51

cells come from cells

Front 52

Prokaryotic

Back 52

lack of membrane-bounded nucleus

-more metabolically diverse

Front 53

Eukaryotic

Back 53

Cell with a nucleus

Structurally complex

Front 54

Structural components of prokaryotic cell

Back 54

-Fimbriae: hairlike
-Nucleoid: location of bacterial chromosome
-Plasma membrane: sheath around cytoplasm that regulates entrance/exit
-Cell wall: supports, shapes, and protects cell
-Capsule: gel like coating outside of cell wall

Front 55

Which Eukaryotes have cells with cell walls

Back 55

-plant cells
-fungi
-exoskeletons of insects
-Algae

Front 56

Nucleus

Back 56

DNA and associated proteins

Front 57

Nucleolus

Back 57

where rRNA is made

Front 58

Ribosomes

Back 58

site of protein synthesis

Front 59

Smooth ER

Back 59

synthesizes phospholipids, no ribosomes

Front 60

Rough ER

Back 60

processing and modification of proteins

Front 61

Golgi apparatus

Back 61

recieves products from rough and smooth ER and distributes proteins and lipids

Front 62

Lysosomes

Back 62

membrane-bound vesicles produced by golgi

Front 63

Chloroplasts

Back 63

use solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates

Front 64

Mitochondria

Back 64

converts energy to ATP

Front 65

Centrosomes

Back 65

microtubule organizing center of cell

Front 66

Centrioles

Back 66

short cylinders of microtubules with a 9 + 0 pattern of microtuble triplets

Front 67

Cilia

Back 67

hair on outside of cells that helps transport

Front 68

Flagella

Back 68

Tail that helps movement

Front 69

Photosynthesis

Back 69

solar energy + carbon dioxide + water into ATP for plant

Front 70

Cellular Respiration

Back 70

convert chemical energy to ATP

Front 71

Tay-Sachs

Back 71

cells that surround nerve cells cant break down the lipid GM2 which accumulates inside lysosomes and affects the nervous system

Front 72

Components of Cytoskeleton

Back 72

-Actin filaments (micro): 2 actin chains twist and form helix. Found in intestinal micro vili

-Intermediate filaments: rope-like. Supports nuclear envelope, cell-to-cell junctions (hair)

-Microtubules: hollow cylinders made of tubulin, maintain shape of cell and move organelles

Front 73

Endosymbiotic Theory

Back 73

-Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are derived from prokaryotes that were taken up by a much larger cell

-Mito and Chloro are similar to bacteria in size and structure

Front 74

Fluid

Back 74

constantly moving due to phospholipids

Front 75

Mosaic

Back 75

multiple proteins (steroids and phospho.)

Front 76

5 types of membrane proteins

Back 76

-Channel: allows molecules to cross membrane freely

-Carrier: selectively interacts w/ specific molecule/ion so it can crosss

-Cell recognition: MHC identify normal cells, foreign MHC glycoproteins triggers white blood cell attacks

-Receptor: shaped for specific molecule

-Enzymatic: catalyzes specific reaction. ATP metabolism

Front 77

Disease for abnormal chloride channel protein

Back 77

Cystic Fibrosis

Front 78

differentially Permeable

Back 78

certain substances can move across membrane while others cant

Front 79

concentration gradient

Back 79

movement of molecules from an area to higher/lower concentration

Front 80

Diffusion

Back 80

move molecules from higher to lower gradient without using energy ATP.

Front 81

Osmosis

Back 81

diffusion of water accross differentially permeable membrane due to concentration differences

Front 82

Facilitated Transport

Back 82

small molecules that are not lipid-soluble are assisted across membranes by carrier proteins.

-Follows concentration gradient

Front 83

Active Transport

Back 83

Carriers transport against concentration gradient

requires ATP

Front 84

Tonicity

Back 84

osmotic pressure/tension of a solution compared to that of a cell

Front 85

isotonic

Back 85

no gain/loss of water

Front 86

hypotonic

Back 86

cell gains water

Front 87

hypertonic

Back 87

cell loses water

Front 88

exocytosis

Back 88

vesicle fuses w/ plasma membrane as secretion occurs

Front 89

endocytosis

Back 89

cells take in substances by vesicle formation