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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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waxy covering that retards water loss
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cuticle
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gas exchange is made possible via openings in the leaves called
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stomata
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provides internal support to a land plant
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vascular system
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fertilized egg
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zygote
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female part of plant where zygote is retained
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archegonium
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make up the vascular system of the plant
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xylem and phloem
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Phyla of Non-vascular Spore-bearing (Seedless) plants
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Bryophyta, Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta
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Gametophyte is dominant stage of life cycle
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Bryophytes
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have flagellated sperm
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Bryophytes
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most of these types of plants do not have vascular tissue
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Bryophytes
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plants in this group have no true roots, stems, or leaves
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Bryophytes
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plants in this group have root-like hairs that limit the plant's size
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Bryohphytes
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plants in this group do not contain lignin
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Bryophytes
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plants in this group are not well adapted to land
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Bryophytes
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plants in this group have no waxy cuticle to retard water loss
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Bryophytes
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plants in this group have flagellated sperms
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Bryophytes
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plants in this group have spores that are dispersed in the wind
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Bryophytes
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haploid stage of plant life cycle
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gametophyte
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diploid stage of plant life cycle
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sporophyte
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common name for this phylum is "mosses"
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Byrophyta
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plants in this phylum have a "stem-like" appearance
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Bryophyta
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Mnium [Moss] Antheridia phylum
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Phylum Bryophyta
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Mnium [Moss] archegonia
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Phylum Bryophyta
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Moss protonema
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Phylum Bryophyta
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Moss capsule-Polytrichum
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Phylum Bryophyta
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Sphagnum leaf
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Phylum Bryophyta
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plants in this phylum are often called liverworts
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Phylum Hepatophyta
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plants in this phylum are probably most like the first land plants
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Phylum Hepatophyta
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plants in this phylum have a flattened leafy like appearance
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Phylum Hepatophyta
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plants in this phylum have a distinct top and bottom
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Phylum Hepatophyta
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plants in this phylum reproduce sexually like a moss
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Phylum Hepatophyta
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plants in this phylum can also reproduce asexually by producing gemmae
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Phylum Hepatophyta
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cup-like strucures which can form a new plant asexually
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gemmae
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plants in this phylum are more primitive than mosses
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Phylum Hepatophyta
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plants in these phyla are homosporous
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Phylum Hepatophyta, and Phylum Anthocerophyta
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Marchantia [Liverworts] antheridium
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Phylum Hepatophyta
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Marchantia [Liverwort] archegonium
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Phylum Hepatophyta
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plants in this phylum are often called hornworts
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Phylum Anthocerophyta
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plants in this phylum are more closely related to vascular plants
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Phylum Anthocerophyta
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vascular spore-bearing (seedless) plants are grouped into this clade
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Tracheophytes
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diploid sporophyte is dominant life cycle of plants in this clade
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Tracheophytes
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Plants in this clade are much better adapted to land than Bryophytes due to vascular tissue
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Tracheophytes
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Plants in this clade are divided into two groupings: non-seed (spore bearing) and seed bearing
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Tracheophytes
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plants in this clade have lignin in secondary cell walls for added support
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Tracheophytes
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most plants in this clade have true roots, stems, and leaves
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Tracheophytes
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the name of this clad comes from the presence of tracheids
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Tracheophytes
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plants in this phylum are often called "club moss or ground pine"
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Phylum Lycophyta
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plants in this phylum have gametophyte that are dependent on symbiotic fungi
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Phylum Lycophyta
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term used to describe a plant that uses another structure, usually another plant, for support
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epiphytic
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some plants in this phylum are epiphytic
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Phylum Lycophyta
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horizontal stems
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rhizoids
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plants in this phylum have rhizoids
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Phylum Lycophyta
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plants in this phylum have flagellated sperm
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Phylum Lycophyta
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Plants in these phyla are homosporous
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Phylum Lycophyta and Phylum Pterophyta
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Ferns are part of this phylum
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Phylum Pterophyta
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plants in this phylum are incompletely adapated to land
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Phylum Pterophyta
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plants in this phylum have gametophytes that are dependent on water (swimming flagellated sperm)
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Phylum Pterophyta
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these types of plants have rhizomes from which leaves and roots grow
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Ferns (Phylum Pterophyta)
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Plants in Phylum Pterophyta [ferns] have leaves that are called
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fronds
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Immature fronds are called
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fiddleheads
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xylem tissue of these plants have tracheids but no vessel-elements
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Ferns
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these plants produce spores on sori
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Ferns
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structures on the undersides of the fronds where spores are produced
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sori
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The gametophyte of these plants are freeliving
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Ferns
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these types of plants have asperm and egg on same plant, which usually mature at different times to reduce the chance of self-fertilization
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Ferns
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Fern sori slide
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Phylum Pterophyta
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slide (Fern antheridia/archegonium)
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Phylum Pterophyta
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slide: Fern young sporophyte
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Phylum Pterophyta
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Horsetails are included in this phylum
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Phylum Pterophyta
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Equisetum is part of this phylum
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Phylum Pterophyta (Horsetail)
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this type of plant was called "scouring rushes" by pioneers due to the abrasiveness of silica in cell wall
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Horsetail (Phylum Pterophyta)
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Whisk Ferns are a part of this phylum
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Phylum Pterophyta
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plant type in Phylum Pterophyta that lacks true roots and leaves
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Whisk Ferns
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plant in Phylum Pterophyta that has appearance of green stem
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Whisk Ferns
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plants in this clade have only tracheids; no vessel elements in xylem
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Gymnosperms
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Dermal tissue includes
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epidermis, periderm
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Vascular tissue includes
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Xylem and phloem
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vascular tissue that is dead at maturity
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xylem
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vascular tissue that transports water
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xylem
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2 cell types found in xylem
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tracheids, and vessel elements
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vascular tissue that transports sucrose and some mineral ions
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phloem
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2 types of cells found in phloem:
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sieve tube cells, companion cells
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coordinate function of sieve tube cells
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companion cells
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dermal tissue that forms cork and cork cambium
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periderm
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replaces epidermis in secondary growth
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periderm
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tissue whose general function is protection but can have a more specific function
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epidermis
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single layer of tightly packed cells, "skin" of plant, covers leaves, roots and stems
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epidermis
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dead dermal tissue
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periderm
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dermal tissue that come sfrom ground meristem
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periderm
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cells of vascular tissue that have no nuclei
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sieve-tube cells
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tissue that is usually made up of parenchyma cells
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groud tissue
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located between dermal and vascular tissue
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ground tissues
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tissue that does photosynthesis, storage and supports
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ground tissue
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ground tissue located outside the vascular tissue
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cortex
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ground tissue located inside the vascular tissue
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pith
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growth continues as long as the organism is alive
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indeterminate growth
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growth stops after the organism has reached a certain size
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determinate growth
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take a year or less to go from germination to flowering to death
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annuals
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generally live two years; vegetative growth during 1st year, flowering during 2nd year
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biennials
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live for many years
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perennials
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die not from old age, but from disease or injury
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perennials
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protects the apical meristem and secretes slimy substance to help lubricate root
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root cap
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growth of this region is by mitosis
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zone of cell division
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cells here take in water and elongate
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zone of elongation
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major tissue types present in this zone contain root hairs and lateral roots
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zone of cell differentiation (zone of cell maturation)
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includes xylem, phloem, and pericycle (also pith in monocots)
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stele
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has one cotyledon
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monocot
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has two cotyledons
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dicot
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parallel leaf veination
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monocot
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net-like veination
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dicot
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flowers in multiples of 3's
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monocots
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flowers in multiples of 4's or 5's
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dicots
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bundles of vascular tissue are scattered throughout the stem
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monocot
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bundles of vascular tissue are arranged in a cross type shape with phloem b/w the arms of xylem in the stem
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dicot
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in the root, bundles of xylem located in a ring w/ smaller bundles of phloem b/w pith in center stele
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monocot
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in the root, xylem centrally located in stele, arranged in cross type of shape w/ phloem b/w arms of xylem
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dicot
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herbaceous in form
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monocot
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either herbaceous or woody in form
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dicot
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one opening in pollen
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monocot
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three openings in pollen
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dicot
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lengthening of stems and roots
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primary growth
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increase in thickness of roots and stems
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secondary growth
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examples of monocots
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grasses, grains, coconut palms, lillies, and orchids
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examples of dicots
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oak trees, roses, apple trees, kudzu, dogwoods, beans, poison oak, mistletoe, venus' fly trap
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the stem of a monocot is arranged fom outside to inside as:
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epidermis, ground tissue, vascular bundles (scattered throughout)
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stem of eudicot is arranged are arranged from outside to inside as:
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epidermis, cortex, vascular bundles (arranged around a central pith)
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divides to form secondary xylem and phloem
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cambium
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non-functional center of tree that is made up of older xylem
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heartwood
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newer xylem that forms part of tree external to heartwood
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sapwood
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makes up the bulk of the tree
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Xylem
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openings in epidermis that are regulated by guard cells
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stomata
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regulate gas exchange and transpiration
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stomata
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regulate opening and closing of stomata
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guard cells
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two types of mesophyll
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palisade and spongy
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directly beneath upper epidermis where photosynthesis takes place
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palisade mesophyll
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directly beneath the lower epidermis
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spongy mesophyll
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contains sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils
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complete flowers
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are missing one of the parts listed for a complete flower
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incomplete flower
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have both stamens and carpels/pistils
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perfect flowers
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missing one of the two structures of a perfect flower
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imperfect flower
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have both stamens and carpels/pistil in one flower
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monoecious
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have the stamens on one flower and the carpels/pistils on another
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dioecious
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example of multiple fruit
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pineapple
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example of pome- fruit
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apple, pear
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drupe- fruit
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peach, plum
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legume- fruit
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green beans
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hespiridium- fruit
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orange, lemons, limes
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pepo- fruit
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squash
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berry- fruit
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tomato
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ripened ovaries of plants
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fruits
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these ___ are parts of plants like leaves, stems, or roots
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vegetables
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feeding method of fungi
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heterotroph
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feeding method of animalia
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heterotroph
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feeding method of plants
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autotroph
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uses extra-cellular digestion
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absorptive heterotrophs
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feeds on dead material
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saprobic
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feeds on living organisms
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parasitic
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feeding modes on fungi:
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saprobic, parasitic, mutualistic, predators
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fungi are ___ stage dominant
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haploid
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fungi cell walls are made up of
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chitin
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vegetative bodies that are tubular in shape
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hyphae
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filamentous mat of hyphae
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mycelium
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kingdom that is important in chemical recycling
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fungi
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straw-like feeding tube which is inserted into host cell in fungi
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haustoria
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root-like anchoring hyphae to substrate
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rhizoid
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wall-like structures that separate cells in some fungi
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septae
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cells that are multinucleated
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coenocytic
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unique stage in which 2 distinct nuclei are in the same cell
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dikaryon
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stage w/ different nuclei remaining in separate parts of the same mycelium
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heterokaryotic stage
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fungi have asexual reproduction by ___
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spores
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kingdom that undergoes sexual reproduction in unfavorable conditions
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FUngi
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Phylum of fungi that are often found in lakes and soil
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Phylum Chytridiomycota
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some fungi in this phylum are saprobes, while others are parasites
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Phylum Chytridiomycota
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only phylum of fungi that has flagellated spores called zoospores
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Phylum Chytridiomycota
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flagellated spores
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zoospores
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fungi in this phylum are often called "black bread molds"
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Phylum Zygomycota
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fungi in this phylum are coenocytic
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Phylum Zygomycota
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major group of myorrhizal fungi
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Phylum Zygomycota
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species of fungi that can aim its spores towards favorable conditions
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pilobolus
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phylum that forms a zygosporangium during sexual reproduction
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Phylum Zygomycota
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structure that freeze resistant and resistant to dessication
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zygosporangium
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Slide: Rhizopus
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Phylum Zygomycota
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phylum of fungi often called "sac/cup fungi"
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Phylum Ascomycota
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Largest and most diverse group of fungi
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Phylum Ascomycota
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phylum of fungi found mostly in marine, terrestial, and freshwater habitats
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Phylum Ascomycota
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Phylum Ascomycota includes:
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yeasts, truffles, morels, powdery mildews, and ergot
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natural form of LSD
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ergot (on rye)
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phylum that is the main fungus in lichens
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Phylum Ascomycota
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have symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria or green algae
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lichen
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Unicellular yeats in this phylum produce by budding
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Phylum Ascomycota
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asexual (Imperfect) reproduction in this phylum results in conidia
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Phylum Ascomycota
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Sexual (Perfect) reproduction results in the formation of an ascocarp in this phylum
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Phylum Ascomycota
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structure that contains ascospores
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asci
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3 types of ascocarps
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cleistothecium, perithecium, apothecium
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ascocarp is completely surrounded by fungal tissue; "no openings"
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cleistrothecium
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a "closed" ascocarp having a narrow opening, usually at the top
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Perithecium
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a "open" form of ascocarp
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Apothecium
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Slide: Peziza
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Phylum Ascomycota
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Peziza has this form of ascocarp
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apothecium
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Slide: Sordaria
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Phylum Ascomycota
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Sordaria has this form of ascocarp
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perithecium
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Slide: Scizosaccharomycetes
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Phylum Ascomycota
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slide: Penicillium
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Phylum Ascomycota
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slide: Aspergillus
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Phylum Ascomycota
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fungi in this phylum are often called "club fungi"
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Phylum Basidiomycota
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Phylum that includes bracket/shelf fungi, toadstools, mushrooms, smuts, rust, and puff balls
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Phylum Basidiomycota
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phylum in which asexual reproduction is much less common than in other phyla
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Phylum Basidiomycota
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phylum in which sexual reproduction results in the formation of basidiospores produced on club like structures called basidia
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Phylum Basidiomycota
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Slide: Coprinus
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Phylum Basidiomycota
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Informal taxon (clade) of fungi
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Deuteromycota
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Clade of fungi commonly called the "imperfect fungi"
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Deuteromycota
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Slide: Candida
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Deuteromycota
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causative agent of some yeast infections
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Candida
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fungus gives the overall shape and accounts for most of the mass of a
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lichen
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algal layer of a lichen is usually ____
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internal
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fungal layer of lichen is usually___
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external
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fungal layer of lichen helps____
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acquire materials
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algal layer provides ___ from photosynthesis
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carbohydrates
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slide: Lichen thallus
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Lichen
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3 types of lichens
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crustose, foliose, fructiose
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