Business Communication Midterm Vocab

Front 1

The individuals who listen to a public speech.

Back 1

Audience

Front 2

A creative process used for generating a large number of ideas.

Back 2

Brainstorming

Front 3

The degree to which an audience trusts and believes in a speaker

Back 3

Credibility

Front 4

The primary function of a speech.

Back 4

General Purpose

Front 5

The three commonly agreed upon general purposes are...

Back 5

to inform, to persuade, and to entertain.

Front 6

The goal or objective a speaker hopes to achieve in speaking to a particular audience.

Back 6

Specific Purpose

Front 7

A single declarative sentence that focuses the audience's attention on the central point of a speech.

Back 7

Thesis Statement

Front 8

the classical arts of invention, organization, style, memory, and delivery.

Back 8

Canons of rhetoric

Front 9

The creative process by which the substance of a speech is generated

Back 9

Invention

Front 10

A forecast of the main points of a speech

Back 10

preview

Front 11

The key ideas that support the thesis statement of a speech

Back 11

main points

Front 12

Transitional statements that bridge main points

Back 12

signposts

Front 13

A mode of presentation that involves writing out a speech completely and reading it to the audience

Back 13

manuscript delivery

Front 14

A mode of presentation in which a speech is written out and committed to memory before being presented to the audience without the use of notes

Back 14

memorized delivery

Front 15

a spontaneous, unrehearsed method of presenting a speech

Back 15

impromptu delivery

Front 16

a mode of presentation that combines careful presentation with spontaneous speaking. the speaker generally uses brief notes rather than a full manuscript or an outline.

Back 16

extemporaneous delivery

Front 17

The degree to which your voice is high or low

Back 17

pitch

Front 18

the extent of the pitch, from low to high, that lies within your vocal capacity

Back 18

range

Front 19

The characteristic pattern of your volume, pitch and range

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rhythm

Front 20

The rate at which you produce sounds, or how quickly or slowly you speak

Back 20

tempo

Front 21

The distinctness with which you make individual sounds

Back 21

articulation

Front 22

a wordless system of communication

Back 22

nonverbal behavior

Front 23

the physical surroundings as you speak and the physical distance separating you from your audience

Back 23

environment

Front 24

area of audience in which speaker and audience members can make eye contact

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zone of interaction

Front 25

a nonverbal symbol that can be substituted for a word

Back 25

emblem

Front 26

nonverbal symbols used to visualize what is being spoken

Back 26

illustrators

Front 27

nonverbal behaviors that influence the speech transaction and the type of feedback received from the audience

Back 27

regulators

Front 28

nonverbal behaviors used to cope with nervousness; for example, self-touching or grasping sides of lectern with hands

Back 28

self-adapting behaviors

Front 29

interpretations we develop for particular experiences

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meaning

Front 30

occurs when two people share agreement in their interpretation of an experience of event.

Back 30

shared meaning

Front 31

involuntary expressions of emotion and are usually nonverbal rather than verbal cues

Back 31

signs

Front 32

voluntary expressions that stand for or represent something else

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symbols

Front 33

people who send and receive messages

Back 33

source/receivers

Front 34

anything that happened to us in the past

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experience

Front 35

feelings such as sadness, surprise and curiosity

Back 35

emotional meanings

Front 36

ideas that must be encoded into symbols before they are sent

Back 36

cognitions

Front 37

the process of selecting symbols to stand for or represent cognitions

Back 37

encoding

Front 38

__________ are composed of signs and symbols that travel along a ___________

Back 38

messages,channel

Front 39

can interfere with the communication anywhere in the channel and tends to produce ambiguity

Back 39

noise

Front 40

any concrete interference with the process of communication

Back 40

physical noise

Front 41

any internal interference with listening such as a bias against the speaker or a dislike for the subject

Back 41

pyschological noise

Front 42

After the message passages through the channel, it is _______, meaning that the receiver selects meanings to attach to the signs and symbols.

Back 42

decoded

Front 43

includes information about how the message was received

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feedback

Front 44

In this form of sharing, two parties each give up something they would rather not part with to get something valuable from the other person

Back 44

contractual shared meaning

Front 45

when parties agree about basic objectives and values

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consensual shared meaning

Front 46

Occurs when there is little overlap between a sender's intent and a receiver's interpretation.

Back 46

ambiguity

Front 47

a concious process wherein the communicator specifies the goals that he or she wants to accomplish, learns about the audience and its position regarding the goals, and then selects communication tactics that will move the audience closer to those goals

Back 47

strategic communication

Front 48

a term that refers to the objectives or goals that you want to accomplish

Back 48

strategy

Front 49

these are designed to move the audience towards the intended goal

Back 49

communication tactics

Front 50

involves a person's ability to correctly interpret and remember the content of another person's messages

Back 50

recall listening

Front 51

The first of "recall listenings" four processes, it means that you hear and process the message that another communicates

Back 51

receiving

Front 52

The second of recall listening's four processes, involves a listener's ability to focus on the message and direct his or her attention toward it without distraction

Back 52

attending

Front 53

third of recall listening's four processes, means assigning an interpretation to the message

Back 53

assigning meaning

Front 54

last of recall listening's four processes, the ability to store and recall the major themes of a conversation for use in later decision making

Back 54

remembering

Front 55

_______________ involves an attitude of acceptance for what others haveto say, especially responding positively to emotions, and providing feedback that makes people feel as if their concerns have been addressed

Back 55

empathetic listening

Front 56

A response that accepts the content level of the conversation, and it accepts the experience or emotion the person presents

Back 56

confirmation

Front 57

this type of confirmation involves looking at the speaker, making frequent eye contact, and other nonverbal acknowledgement

Back 57

direct recognition

Front 58

this confirmation means the listen offers verbal agreement with or praise for the speaker's content

Back 58

agreeing with the content

Front 59

this confirmation accepts the other person's feelings as reasonable and legitimate

Back 59

endorsing emotions/experiences

Front 60

type of confirmation where we validate another's experience or emotional reactions but disagree with the content of the message

Back 60

rejection

Front 61

this signals a lack of empathetic listening and denies a person's experiences or feelings and the other's feelings of self worth

Back 61

disconfirmation

Front 62

disconfirmation includes __________ through impersonal language and nonverbal distancing cues such as avoiding eye contact or walking away

Back 62

avoiding involvement

Front 63

________ are not clearly connected to what the first person said and indicate a failure to listen

Back 63

tangential or irrelevant remarks

Front 64

this indicates a lack of concern for or awareness of other person's feelings

Back 64

imperviousness

Front 65

this occurs when someone disparages a speaker or the speaker's feelings

Back 65

disqualification

Front 66

the relative position- above, below, beside- that people occupy vis a vis one another

Back 66

hierarchy

Front 67

involves a variety of communications, including threats, promises, negotiations, orders, coalition formation, and a host of other strategies to influence others and fulfill self and organizational interests

Back 67

overt politics

Front 68

process by which employees decide which issues to raise in public, what arguments to present, which battles to fights, and how to fight them

Back 68

hidden politics

Front 69

displaying traits that are rewarded by the organization. it involves conforming to organizational norms

Back 69

impression management

Front 70

____________ people have a sense of perspective, the ability to tolerate and accept life's many setbacks without becoming overly frustrated or resentful

Back 70

emotional mature

Front 71

means having the technical knowledge needed to effieciently solve routine problems

Back 71

showing competence

Front 72

an individual with some tenure in the organization who is willing to serve as advisor, friend, observed, giver of feedback, helper, reacher, and sounding board to a newer member

Back 72

mentor

Front 73

someone willing to be guided by the knowledge accumulated by mentor

Back 73

mentee or protege

Front 74

an invisible barrier that prevents women and minorities from reaching the highest levels of management

Back 74

glass ceiling

Front 75

reasons for glass ceiling

Back 75

stereotypes white males may have, and preference for similarity

Front 76

a select association of proteges or cliques the superiors most trusted employees

Back 76

in-group

Front 77

this status takes place during the newcomers first few weeks

Back 77

out-group

Front 78

includes unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature

Back 78

sexual harrassment

Front 79

sexual harassment has been characterized as an expression of _____________ coupled with the ____________

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gender discrimination, abuse of organizational power

Front 80

_________________ such as sexual jokes, lewd comments, and excessive commentary about bodily appearance are forms of harrassment

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verbal commentaries

Front 81

____________ includes propositions for sex, especially those that involve promise of reward or punishment

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verbal negotiation

Front 82

unwanted groping, inappropriate touching

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physical manhandling

Front 83

the use of physical force

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physical assault

Front 84

_______________ include filing grievances, or lawsuits to get sexual harrassment to stop

Back 84

formal solutions

Front 85

___________ involve face to face communication with the harrasser

Back 85

informal solutions

Front 86

Addressing sexual harrassment must achieve these three goals,

Back 86

stop harassment, maintain employment, manage his or her own psychological and emotional well being

Front 87

this represents avoidance, useful if the victim views harrassers motives as innocent

Back 87

nonassertive message

Front 88

represents the desire of a person to present and positive and approved image to others

Back 88

face

Front 89

allows the victim to stand up for personal rights in a clear and direct way without violating another person's rights

Back 89

assertive message

Front 90

attempts to "reconcile being assertive with being liked and maintaing rapport" the message is assertive but includes an empathy component that may reduce the desire of the harasser to retaliate

Back 90

assertive-empathetic message

Front 91

includes features that protect the image of the harasser and express liking for the job or the present relationship while refusing to accept harrassment

Back 91

rhetorical multifunctional message

Front 92

tells the harrasser to cease activity and states that the victim will proceed with a formal grievance if the harrasser doesnt stop

Back 92

threat

Front 93

a coercive message that ridicules or intimidates the harasser

Back 93

aggressive message

Front 94

_________ turns the tables on the harasser in public, within earshot of family or coworkers, thereby embarrassing the harasser

Back 94

overt manipulation

Front 95

in this stage, job canidates secure an interview by doing research, making a resume, and writing a cover letter

Back 95

pre-interview stage

Front 96

a one page description of your skills, education, and work experience.

Back 96

resume

Front 97

three parts of the resume

Back 97

headings, leads, and descriptions

Front 98

the category of a resume under which specific information is classified, flags signal individual areas of accomplishment

Back 98

headings

Front 99

consist of the first information on each new ling under the heading of a resume and should include the most important information for any individual entry.

Back 99

leads

Front 100

include all the information that follows the lead on a resume

Back 100

descriptions

Front 101

should be viewed as your chance to explain and highlight how your abilities, skills, and experiences listed on your resume fit the job requirements.

Back 101

cover letter

Front 102

this annual excercise is usually conducted by the employees immediate supervisor for the purpose of evaluating the employee's previous performance and setting goals for the coming year

Back 102

performance appraisal interview

Front 103

held annually, often at the beginning of the organization's fiscal year, so that both mangager and employee can work together to establish performance goals for theupcoming year.

Back 103

performance planning interview

Front 104

a formal method of role taking that is useful for larger audiences, speaker can adjust the topic, presentation mode, and persuasive appeals prior to the presentation

Back 104

audience analysis

Front 105

first step in audience analysis involves ________________, including occasion, audience size, organizational culture, environment, and time considerations.

Back 105

situational variables

Front 106

To understand occasion, speaker must first consider the ____________ for the presentation and adapt the message to fit that goal

Back 106

purpose

Front 107

involves what happens before and after your presentation

Back 107

context

Front 108

Know size of audience so you can present with appropriate (x). The general rule of thumb is that as size increases, so should (x)

Back 108

x=formality

Front 109

the qualities over which an audience has relatively little control, such as age, gender, economic status, education, religion, sexual orientation, or cultural heritage

Back 109

demographics

Front 110

an audience that attends a presentation of its own free will

Back 110

voluntary audience

Front 111

an audience that is required to attend

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captive audience

Front 112

an audience that has a positive attitude toward the topic yet has little specific knowledge

Back 112

favorable audience

Front 113

a group that has little knowledge and a negative interpretation of the subject

Back 113

apathetic audience

Front 114

an informed audience that is favorable toward the speaker and subject

Back 114

active audience

Front 115

an audience that is knowledgeable about the topic, but members disagree with the specific viewpoint the speaker advocates

Back 115

hostile audience

Front 116

audiences that include various combinations of the five main audiences

Back 116

mixed audiences

Front 117

when a mixed audience has favorable, neutral, and hostile members, speaker needs to choose a _________, or one or two of the audience types represented as the focus of one's persuasive appeals

Back 117

target audience

Front 118

the two general purposes common to speaking in business and professional situations to________ and _________

Back 118

inform, persuade

Front 119

__________ are determined by superiors, the organization, or the expectations of the audience

Back 119

topic

Front 120

When selecting a topic, name the three things that should be considered

Back 120

personal experience/interest, audience interests, and expecations about the occasion

Front 121

focuses the speech on one aspect of a larger topic

Back 121

specific purpose statement

Front 122

The specific purpose statement states ____________ that the speaker desires. It is related to the general purpose of the speech and may include understanding, or belief or action.

Back 122

audience outcome

Front 123

a precise statement of the two to five main ideas in the speech body

Back 123

main idea statement

Front 124

You need _________________ such as examples, statistics, and quotations to support your main idea statement

Back 124

supporting materials

Front 125

specific instances that illustrate a larger point

Back 125

examples

Front 126

collection of individual examples delivered as raw numbers or averages

Back 126

statistics

Front 127

a direct quoation or paraphrase of witnesses, experts, or other informed people

Back 127

testimony

Front 128

this involves collecting supporting material for the specific purpose and main idea statements.

Back 128

research

Front 129

can run book searches by title, author, or subject

Back 129

computerized catalog

Front 130

paper or electronic databases that list and summarize articles in popular and academic periodicals

Back 130

periodical indexes and abstracts

Front 131

this is a set of linked computer networks that began as a federally funded project to maintain military communication during a nuclear war

Back 131

the internet!

Front 132

a series of internet linkages used by millions of people around the globe

Back 132

the World Wide Web!

Front 133

a series of operating instructions that allows your personal computer to interact with the documents stored on the web

Back 133

browser

Front 134

sites on the world wide web created by universities, publishers companies and individuals

Back 134

web pages

Front 135

a program that sifts through an enormous index of web pages for key words or phrases

Back 135

search engine

Front 136

face to face, telephone, or internet conversations with experts. Typically done at the end of research process so you know the information first

Back 136

interview

Front 137

should gain attention, justify topic, clarify credibility and preview main points in the body

Back 137

introduction

Front 138

main ideas of the speech are here

Back 138

body

Front 139

reviews main ideas and emphasizes the specific purpose statement

Back 139

conclusion

Front 140

this structure follows a time pattern that moves from earliest to latest or first to last

Back 140

chronological structure

Front 141

this structure follows a geographical or directional pattern

Back 141

spatial structure

Front 142

this structure describes how one event leads to another

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cause-effect structure

Front 143

this structure defines a difficulty and suggests a remedy

Back 143

problem solution structure

Front 144

this structure divides a topic into logical categories

Back 144

topical structure

Front 145

a full sentence outline of virtually everything the teacher intends to say

Back 145

preparation outline

Front 146

when a speaker develops main ideas such that they preview subpoints

Back 146

forecasting

Front 147

an organizational device that should be used throughout the speech

Back 147

parallel order

Front 148

means that the same words or phrases are repeated in previews, main ideas, and subpoints

Back 148

parallel language

Front 149

these indicate the relationship between subpoints

Back 149

transitional phrase

Front 150

an abbreviated version of the preparation outline, this forces speaker to select words and phrases on the spot enabling a more spontaneous presentation than if the speaker read from the prep outline

Back 150

delivery outline

Front 151

__________ include underlines for points that require emphasis, two lines (//) for important pauses, or words in the corner that correct common delivery errors such as going too slow, too rapidly, or filling dead space with vocalized pauses

Back 151

speaking directions

Front 152

Three things to get a good intro

Back 152

startling statement or fact, a good quotation, or a story

Front 153

necessary to inform the audience why the issue is important or relevant

Back 153

justify the topic

Front 154

is the audiences perception of the speaker's expertise, trustworthiness, and dynamism

Back 154

source credibility

Front 155

this puts the speech back together by tying the end back to the beginning, reviews main ideas and ends with a capstone statement

Back 155

conclusion

Front 156

any pictorial, textual, or graphic image that is presented visually rather than orally

Back 156

visual aid

Front 157

Using a(n) ________ is an excellent way to add interest and clarity to your ideas

Back 157

object

Front 158

scale, two-dimensional drawings or three-dimensional constructions that represent very large or very small objects

Back 158

models

Front 159

summarize information and provide reference guide to audience long after presentation

Back 159

handout

Front 160

these improve retention and understanding of complex information

Back 160

photographs

Front 161

these are useful for summarizing statistical information

Back 161

charts

Front 162

useful way to show changes in one or more variables

Back 162

line graph

Front 163

displays the relationship of various parts to a whole

Back 163

pie chart

Front 164

excellent way to make comparisons among magnitudes

Back 164

bar graph

Front 165

display the key features of the presentation in words, phrases, and sentences

Back 165

text visuals

Front 166

illustrate complicated concepts or processes with the simple shapes, lines, and arrows available on powerpoint presentations

Back 166

constructed visuals