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32 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
2 most common steel structural systems
beam and girder, open-web steel joist system
Beam and girder
-large members span between columns w/ smaller beams framed into them.

-beams span the longer distances/girders span shorter

-framing is covered with steel decking, then concrete is poured to create floor slab

-mid to high rises

- very little space between the girders and the suspended ceiling (difficult to install new mechanical or large recessed fixtures.
Open-web steel joist system
-joists span between beams or bearing walls

-spaced 2'-0" to 6'-0" o.c

-flooring is poured the same way as beam and girder

-1 story / low-rise buildings

-easy to run mechanical/electrical and to hang suspended ceilings from
2 most common concrete systems
cast-in-place, precast
Cast-in-place concrete system
-concrete is poured into forms

-mostly has mild steel reinforcement

-can be post-tensioned - should not be penetrated for pipes or conduit
Precast concrete system
-components are usually formed in a plant and shipped to the site
5 types of cast-in-place concrete systems
1. beam and girder - similar to steel system

2. concrete joist system - concrete member spaced 24-36" apart which frame into larger beams. more difficult to drill holes for pipes and conduit

3. flat plate construction - floor slab transfers loads directly onto columns. Used when floor-floor heights are at a minimum. Difficult to drill

4. flat Slab - similar to flat plate, except that drop slabs are used to increase strength.

5. waffle slab (2-way joist)- provides support for heavier loads. Often left exposed and lighting integrated into coffers.
3 types of precast concrete systems
1. single tees - popular, along with double tees, because they can be used simulatneously as beam and floor decking and they are easy and fast to erect. 

2. double tees - industrial buildings, 1 and 2 story commercial buildings and garages

3. hollow
1. single tees - popular, along with double tees, because they can be used simulatneously as beam and floor decking and they are easy and fast to erect.

2. double tees - industrial buildings, 1 and 2 story commercial buildings and garages

3. hollow core slabs
Masonry
-generally limited to load-bearing walls out of concrete block
Concrete block (concrete masonry units or CMU)
-units based on 4" modules - 3/4" less than nominal to allow for mortar joints - commonly 8"x8"x16"

-manufactured with 2 open cells which can be left open when load are light, or reinforced and filled with grout if more strength is needed.
Loadbearing walls
-support loads from above

-live loads = people, furniture, etc... / dead loads = weight of structure

-can only be cut for openings if framed with supporting lintel or beam

-in residential - exterior walls; some interior

-in commercial - mostly limited to core elements
Gravity loads
-includes live and dead loads

-dead loads will generally stay the same. Live loads are limited by building codes by occupancy (reidential floor = 40 lbm/sf, office = 50lmb/sf)

-concentrated loads cannot be more than 2-1/2 sf
Lateral loads
-include wind loads and earthquake loads

-IBC makes seismic zones which may need more detailing
Dynamic loads
-when a load is applied suddenly or changes rapidly (cars in a garage, elevators, helicopter on the roof)
Building movement
-partitions attached to perimeter or floor above need to have slip joint to allow movement

-joint cover in floors or at walls cannot be covered with finishes.
Core drill
-2"-4" drilled into floor with hollow drill bit

-beam and girder and one-way pan slabs are easiest to drill (all are difficult)
Penetrations in cast-in-place floors
-holes cannot be cut near beams or column intersections

-large openings require extra support

-holes cannot be cut in tee sections. must be between them.

-cannot penetrate post-tensioned concrete
Fire-resistive ratings
-structural frame must be rated from 1-hour to 3-hour

-if protected beams or columns are changed, a designer is not allowed to specify or modify fire protection of structural systems
Residential and small commercial structural systems
-mostly of wood and wood products as primary material (easy to work with, plentiful, inexpensive, strong)

-loadbearing walls are made with studs (2"x4", 16" o.c.)

-joists are 2" thick wood placed horizontally to support the floor (depths are 3/4" less than nominal size)
Sheathing
nailed to the exterior of the stud wall to stiffen the wall and provide a nailing base for the exterior finishing material
Exterior penetrations (residential)
doors/windows - framed at the top with lintels (headers); double 2x4 members oriented vertically to carry loads.

larger openings - laminated veneer lumber, glued laminated beams or small steel beams can be used
Joists (residential)
can span about 20 feet; if more, steel or manufactures wood must be used
2-story construction (platform framing)
wood studs one story high are placed on a sole plate and spanned with a double top plate at the ceiling level. 2ns story joists bear on the top plate and serve as a platform for the 2nd story wall studs and roof.
Glued laminated wood members (glulams)
individual peices of lumber glued together, then finished

used when stronger wood is needed for heavier loads or long spans or when appearance is a factor

can be manufactured in shapes like arches, etc...

manufactured in fixed dimensions
Plywood web joist
I-shaped joist, stronger and thicker thana standard wood joist

used in residential/light commercial

does not have problems with warping splits, etc...
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
layers of veneer glued together

used for headers over large openings

stronger than solid lumber
Sole plate
horizontal wood member that serves as a base for the studs in a stud partition
Trimmer
a wood member in a floor or roof used to support a header
Wide-flange beam
looks like an "H". Gives the column/beam equal strength in both directions
Lintel
horizontal structural member over an opening that carries the weight of the wall above it
Cripple stud
a stud above a door opening or below a window sill
Purlin
a piece of timber laid horizontally