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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explain the larger, global significance of christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage to America
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Expanding commercial interest into great global trade, open the way for global trade through the Atlantic ocean connecting both continents Europe & U.S
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Describe the physical appearance and culture of the Karankawa Indians whom Alvar Nunex Cabexa de Vaca encountered, and compare those Native americans to Spaniards
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Indians were in better condition,had no writing language, they were tall and handsome and the women attractive and graceful. no government authority , no kings, or princes, courts, judges. indians were nomadic moving with the change of the seasons. Unlike the Spaniards were haggard foreigners that look like the very image of death thy had lost everything coming ashore including there clothes Spaniards weren't nomadic they were farmers and herders and lived were they were born
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Name and describe the largest of the ancient Native American communities of the eastern woodland mound-builders.
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The largest of the Mississippian mound-builders was the Cahokia , populations of 20,000 in the thirteenth century . Cahokia featured an enormous ceremonial pyramidal mound similar in appearance to those in Mesoamerica although constructed of earth rather than stone.
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Identify the main differences between how Native Americans and archaeologists explain the origins of human beings in North America
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Native Americas tell creation stories and Archaeologists use examinations and interruption of artifacts and draw inferences from their age, composition, and configuration
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Identify four mountain ranges and eight major rivers of North America
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Appalachian Mts., Rocky Mts., Sierra Nevada, Cascade Mts.
Colorado River, Columbian River, Arkansas River, Rio Grande River, Ohio River, Mississippi River, Missouri River, New river |
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Identify five characteristics of Paleo Indians insofar as archaeologists understand them.
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1. They exploited resources, spearing, netting fish, hunting animals, not only for food but for skins, bones scrapers to cut
2. Lived in multifamily groups 3. they fashioned garments from pieces of animal hide sewn together using sinews for thread. 4. their tool kits contained stone and bone scrapers and cutters for butchering 5. hunted mammoths , mastodons, and other large mammals w/ spears occasionally stampeding them of cliffs as units |
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Describe how ancient people domesticated plants and animals identifying the ones that were most successfully domesticated and explaining how it affected peoples live
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brought food to communities instead of sending indians out for hunting & gather for it ,slow adaptation changing circumstances . Domesticated food ex. corn (most important) beans, squash ( aka as the three sisters) dogs domesticated for hunting , light load hauls .
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Identify five major ancient civilization of Mesoamerica
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1. Olmec
2. Maya (Mayans) 3. Toltecs (teotihqcan) 4. Mexica (Aztecs) 5. ? |
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Identify two major ancient civilizations of the desert southwest
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1. Hohokam
2. Anasazi |
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Identify three common beliefs and practices that constituted a typical world view among Native Americans
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1. Native American belief system , animals and humans as well possessed spirits that lived on after death Anthropologists call this animism. N.A.I. saw themselves as integrated into nature rather than rising above it.
2. Native American Indians maintained tribal identities without the formal government bureaucracies that characterize modern nation-states , political systems were mostly village based and leadership flowed from respect earned through experiences rather than from lineage. 3. North American Indians regarded celestial objects such as the sun, moon, and stars as deities or governing spirits that controlled their world and tracked their movement in order to determine the most auspicious time to plant crops, hold religious ceremonies, prepare for hunt and marry |
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Identify three regional groups among Native Americans at the beginning of the 1500s and five Native American tribes belonging to each group.
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Migratory Indians of the Great Plains and Basin, were the Native Americans of California, Pacific Northwest and the Eastern Hunters and Farmers.
Migratory Indians of the Great Plains and Basin included the Mandan Sioux, Apaches, Navajo, Comanche, Shoshone, and the Paiute Native Americans of California and the Pacific Northwest included the Chumash , Chinook, Salish, Coeur d‘ Alee, spokane, and the Yakima Eastern Hunters and Farmers included the included the Wampanoags,Iroquois, Caddoes, Choctaws, Cherokees |
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Explain how agriculture, iron, and commerce affected the economic and social development of the West African societies.
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Iron tools proved a boon to agricultural production, metallurgy, a science probably acquired from North Africa , developed extensively in Benin, which became a center of iron mining, smelting and manufacturing by the beginning of the fifteenth century, the spread of mixed agriculture farming and herding along with ironwork accompanied the migration of Bantu-speaking people from Nigeria to eastern and southern Africa.
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Identify five common characteristics of traditional West African religions
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1. Community well-being was close
2. Believed in a supreme creator who invested all things with spirits whose good will had to be ritually solicited 3. Lesser gods oversaw the sun, moon, and water, and they too had to he honored 4. Rituals that included sacred places, objects, and dances and music were intended to elicit the gods favor 5. Dead ancestors possessed the power to mediate on behalf of the living against evil spirits that might inflict such harm as illness and ruinous drought. |
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Describe the source of the political power possessed by West African rulers, and name three West African empires.
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Rulers, from village chiefs to kings usually possessed some perceived ability to communicate with the spirt world that controlled the physical environment thus enabling them to gain political power. The three West African empires were the 1. Mali 2. Songhaiand 3. Tenkamenin
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Describe European feudalism and explain how it evolved into monarchy and early modern nation-states.
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Europeans improvised various hierarchical social relationships that historians call
Feudalism based of land, in which nobles who ruled absolutely over their territories (KING > NOBLE > KNIGHT > PEASANT.)Feudalism later evolved into a monarch (Kings and Queens) by lords employed their armed followers to conquer weaker lords or by marriage or by whatever means , dominant lords forced inferior ones to acknowledge their sovereignty and pledge their allegiance. |
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Identify three major events that combined to launch Spain to prominence among European nations in the fifteenth century.
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1. Political marriage of Fernando and Isabella. 2. Successful and profitable voyage of Christopher Columbus under the flag of spain. 3. The final victory of the Spanish Christians over the muslim invaders in 1492.
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Identify two ways that Spaniards’ devotion to their Catholic faith and ten ways that many years of Moorish domination influenced Spanish culture.
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Devotion to their Catholic faith made the among Christianity's most militant defenders. It gave them an intolerant view of Islam and other religions, and it gave them a powerful army that fought fiercely and took no prisoners.
1. Spaniards adopted the Arabic diet of mutton, rice, chickpeas, carrots, watermelon, citrus fruits, and sugar 2. They learned Arabic medical practices, 3. Spaniards learned irrigation 4. They learned mathematics called algebra 5. They adopted not only cavalry tactics 6. They also adapted the love for their monarch 7. Spanish women learned to dance arab music chords 8. The women also learned to ride side saddle 9. Spanish women also learned to war facial veils 10. Spanish men learned to ride and fight and conquer better than moorish invaders |
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Cite two examples of the absence of a strong feudal influence in Spain, and explain the impact that the Reconquista had on the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere.
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Spanish men were more valuable as free soldiers than as serfs, Spanish commoners did not develop a serfs’ resentment of aristocrats and monarchs, instead grew to respect them which was not the way in feudalism. The deepest impact that the Reconquista had would be on the conquered Native American peoples of the Western Hemisphere who would be dominated for centuries by male, intolerant, and Catholic Spanish soldiers who arrogantly called themselves Los Conquistadors it also unified Spain as a dominant military power.
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Account for the “Commercial Revolution” in Europe during the fifteenth century, and explain how that important development inspired global exploration.
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Merchants in the Mediterranean basin were deeply engaged in Asian commerce, in exchange for cotton textiles from India, spices from Southeast Asia, and silk and porcelain from China, European merchants exported woolens, linen metals and animal hides making up for the lower value of European products with African gold. Important developments such as an efficient printing press with movable type made it possible to publish and distribute large amounts of information like geographic and technical data. The newly acquired compass from the Chinese made extended sea voyages safer and feasible and advances in ship design and gunpowder inspired global exploration.
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Identify three important technologies that facilitated the expansion of European commerce.
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1. The compass
2. Ship design 3. Gunpowder |
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Describe the misperceptions and distrust between the Indians and Spaniards that contributed to the bloody clash at Acoma Pueblo in November of 1598.
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The Indians pledged their allegiance to the Spanish monarch, but as the Spaniards continued to plunder their supplies, Indian resentment began to build. Onate would continue to conquer the Indians by taking their food along with Christianizing them and to punish them if they resisted. Zaldivar, Ontes nephew also engaged in the torment of the Indians by demanding food and raping the women, this enraged the Indians and the Indians revolted against the Spaniards Zaldivar and his men were killed. News got back to Onate and war was declared. Spaniards with their superior armor and weaponry gained control of the pueblo causing the blood shed at Acoma pueblo.
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Describe how Governor Juan de Onate used Spanish laws to establish the supremacy of Spanish culture over that of the pueblo Indiana s of Mew Mexico
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The Spaniards insisted on punishing the surviving Indians according to Spanish laws, a way of establishing Spanish legal supremacy. The Spaniards found the Indians guilty of rebellion and set punishments in order.
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Tell us what inspired early seafaring explorers.
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Along with God, gold, and glory, myths, tales of islands of paradise, lands of “pure delight”, stories of the lost cities of Atlantis and Antilla. Other stories of St. Brendan, an Irish mariner who allegedly reached North America inspired seafaring Europeans to their own feats of exploration so did mundane attraction, like cod fish.
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Explain where Christopher Columbus found financial support for his voyage and the extent to which he fulfilled his promise to his backers.
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Columbus asked Portugal first but they declined due to his inconsistencies in his information, but it was queen Isabella and king Fernando that supplied the funds for the voyage they supplied him with three ships the Nina, Pinta and the Santa Maria along with a crew to man them. He did not find the back door to Asia but acknowledge that he had come upon “un otro mundo” also discovering little gold along with natives to be used as salves but it wasn't enough for the King and Queen.
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Explain what motivated Spaniards to colonize America.
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Columbus had brought back samples of gold decorations worn by the natives, colorful parrots, and some Indians too, also the natives could be vey good slaves and they could be easily transferred into Christian. He returned to Spain with Nina and the Pinta because the Santa Maria was sunken.
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Identify the institution that Spaniards used to exploit the labor of Native Americans.
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Spaniards initially hoped to extract precious metals from the islands, but raising crops and livestock became the new way and for that you needed laborers. The Spaniards instituted involuntary workforce, the Spanish Encomienda system obligated local Indians in a specific area to pay tribute to a designated Spaniard lord usually as a reward for the lords service to the Spanish crown, which often resulted in forced labor.
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Identify five plant and seven animal species that were exchanged between Native Americans and Europeans as part of the “Columbian Exchange” following the voyages of Columbus.
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1. tobacco 1. chickens
2. corn 2. hogs 3. beans 3. goats 4. potatoes 4. sheep 5. chickpeas 5. horses 6. cattle 7. ? |
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Describe the impact of Columbus voyages on the population of Native Americans and the impact that Native American made on Spanish societies.
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Europeans introduced new methods of agricultural production, like the use of plows w/ iron blades, new foods, sugar, wheat, and peas to the N.A.I. Europeans also brought many domesticated animals to Natives and they incorporated many of them into their cultures, changing their diets, economies, and methods of hunting and waging war. The Europeans also brought with them their diseases and infections that had a catastrophic depletion of Indian societies; With the new found foods with high nutritional value the Europeans underwent a tremendous population explosion, a demographic phenomenon. As well as the food came along the coffee and tobacco, stimulants that provided a quick energy boost and the Europeans quickly became addictive to, changes were made in both cultures some fro the bad and some for the good. (pg. 41,42)
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Explain why Spanish reconnoitered the mainland of North America during the 1500s.
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Reconnoitering North America coastlines and mainland produced valuable information that helped Spaniards understanding the continents geography , based on this information Spanish explorers probed deep into the heartland of America (also to find a quicker way from the mines of Mexico to Newfoundland).
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Identify seven Spanish explorers and each ones accomplishment.
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1. Juan Ponce de Leon; was one of the first in the area know today as Florida, was in search of the “fountain of youth”, in search of more gold and slaves to replace the diminishing slaves of the Caribbean Islands.
2. Alonso Alvarez de Peneda; voyaged along the Gulf coast from Florida to Mexico proved that Florida was actually part of the North American continent. 3. Vasco Nunez de Balboa; crossed the Isthmus of Panama to become the first European to gaze upon the Pacific Ocean from America. 4. Fortun Ximenez; reached La Paz Bay at the southern end of the Baja California peninsula. 5. Juan Rodigo Cabrillo; one of the most remarkable Pacific voyage even though it failed to reach ifs objective planned to journey up the coast of California and across the Pacific to China . Although Cabrillo died soon afterward his three ships continued north as the 42nd parallel before stormy seas forced them to return to Mexico. 6. Panfilo de Narvaez; his objective was to explore the coast from Florida to New Spain on a reconnaissance mission. 7. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado; was sent on a search party for Estevan obtain food and to avenge Estevans death but found no gold. |
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Describe the methods that catholic missionaries used to establish Spanish rule in New Mexico and Florida.
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Successful missionaries learned local languages in order to convey Christianity to the Natives, missionaries also would bring in cattle, sheep, and hogs as incentives, providing the people with new and additional sources of food and other products.They would make the natives build churches in addition to focusing their efforts on children whom they found easier to sway than adults. Ultimately missionaries would bring in Spanish soldiers to show force, these were some of the methods used by missionaries to instill Spanish rule.
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Identify one cultural practice that the Indians continued in order to maintain a small measure of control over their lives when the Catholic missionaries attempted to convert them to Christianity.
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Native Americans converted to Christianity, but often they merely tacked elements of the new comers religion onto their core beliefs as well as still practicing there rituals and ceremonials in secrecies.
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Tell what triggered Indian rebellions against Spanish control in New Mexico and Florida, and assess their effectiveness.
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In the New Mexico the rivalry between government bureaucrats and the missionaries over control of the Indians reached a crucial point, as did the level of Indian bitterness such tensions weakened Spanish solidarity throughout the territory and convinced the Indians that the time was right for rebellion. Prolonged drought that parched their crops and pushed them to the edge of starvation intensified the natives frustration. Apache raids of local Indian storehouses further diminished the pueblos dwindling food supply, when prayers to Christian god failed to bring relief, the pueblos appealed to their traditional deities. In Florida also took up arms against Spaniards, with the help of English raiders offering rum, guns, ammunition, and other goods to Indians to induce revolt against the Spaniards.
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Identify three European nations that challenged Spain’s domination in early North American colonization and explain how the did that.
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French, English, and Dutch were the nations that challenged Spain, vessels financed by their governments and by private investors, transported goods from Europe to Spanish settlements in America going against the Treaty of Trordesillas.
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Identify three items that French settlers traded with Native Americans and the major differences between French and Spanish methods of colonization in North America.
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Iron knives, hatches, and trinkets for beaver pelts and moose hides. The major differences between French and Spain were that the French controlled their colonies loosely and very few moved to New France because of climate and environment and lack of funding but unlike the Spaniards harsh treatment to the Native Americans and brutal ways of colonizing the French were very friendly to the Natives.
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Explain the Protestant Reformation, noting how it affected England
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The Protestant Reformation is a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of the Protestant Church.
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Explain what happened between the English colonists and the native Algonquian residents of Roanoke.
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At first the English colonist and the Algonquian’s had a mutual interest involving trade, befitting both sides. Later the colonists demands for food and other supplies became to excessive resulting in punishment if not met. This infuriated the native Americans.
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Describe the impact that the Spanish Armada had on England’s attention to its colony on Roanoke Island.
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Supplies were running low, John White returned to England for replenishment unfortunately; war with Spain and the attack of the Spanish Armada prevented the return of a relief expedition.
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Describe the Native Americans of Roanoke as English colonists saw them and recorded their impressions in documents and paintings.
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The colonists described the Native Americans, including the children with very fine auburn and chestnut color hair along with them being a most gentile, loving, and faithful, void of all guile. John White, the London painter recorded a portfolio of paintings that were mostly positive as the appearance of the Indians had an Asian appearance with straight dark hair and long, slender arms, legs, and feet.
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Describe the pattern for colonization of North America that the English took from their colonization of Ireland.
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England’s oppression of the Irish preceded American colonization and established a pattern for relationships with native people that English colonists applied to American Indians by categorizing them as “wild savages”, was a technique the English ultimately used in dealing with Native Americans
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Explain why colonial authorities regard the Pinion family as a threat to society.
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The Pinion family were very disorderly and lack authority from the father despite the fact that European-based families’s structure were patriarchal. The Pinions were not a typical New England family that were colonizing in North America at the time. The authorities found this to be a threat to there societies because without discipline imposed by family patriarchs, people would lapse into slothfulness and other sinful behavior that would allow evil in the world to destroy good Christian societies. Authorities were committed to maintaining social order.
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Identify the rewards that motivated English colonization and the method that early colonizers used to finance their enterprises.
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Some of the rewards that motivated English colonization was profit and material rewards. Merchants and investors regarded colonies as moneymaking ventures for; raising exotic crops, opening markets for English textiles, metal tools, utensils, and extracting natural resources. Idealism along with advancing their religious faith against Spanish French Catholicism was a strong motivator as well. The method that the colonizers used to finance their enterprises was using joint-stock company were investors would receive a share of the profits.
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Explain how Jamestown and surrounding settlements evolved into the relatively stable and successful colony of Virginia.
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Jamestown and other surrounding settlement evolved into a successful colony of Virginia by growing tobacco and shipping marketable commodities like furs, sassafras and lumber, but ultimately it was tobacco, the key ingredient for Virginias success.
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Describe the relationship between Virginia colonists and local Powhatan people.
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The relationships between the Virginia colonists and local Powhatan people was highly volatile it was a back forth situation. One day the Indians and the Colonists would compromise and agree to trade, other days the two were capturing each others men and holding them captive for ransom. Indians were much quicker with the bow and arrow but the Indians steadily lost ground as English supplies and reinforcements increased.
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Explain how Maryland was different from yet also similar to Virginia.
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Maryland like their Virginia neighbors settled along the navigable rivers that emptied into Chesapeake Bay, wresting the land from the decimated Powhatan Indians and growing tobacco. Unlike the Virginia colonist the Marylanders took care to provide for themselves with food and to establish permanent communities.
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Explain how the indentured servant labor system worked.
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The colonies found it very difficult to hire free workers, primarily because it was so easy for potential workers to set up their own farms. Consequently, a common solution was to transport a young worker from Europe who would work for several years to pay off the debt of their travel costs. During the indenture period the servants were not paid wages, but were provided with food, accommodation, clothing and training. The indenture document specified how many years the servant would be required to work, after which they would be free and would be know as “redemptioner s”.
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Explain why and how Africans came to be enslaved in America
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The African slave trade began in mid fifteenth century when Portuguese merchant mariners exploring Africa's west coast established trading posts. Initially the Europeans were there to trade goods and eventually began trading African slaves. African themselves became involved in the trafficking of slaves by raiding villages, transporting captives to ports awaiting European slave ships. This all began because of the colonists were lacking in in labor due to decimated numbers of Indians in North America at the time along with not enough indentured servants.
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Identify eight examples of how slaves maintained their African traditions and identities in America.
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1. They built homes with using African designs and techniques. 2. Their earthenware, like pottery and other ceramics. 3. Their tools 4. Clothing. 5. Their Afro-American music. 6. Religious beliefs. 7. Marriage customs. 8. Burial ceremonies as well
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Describe the Puritan migration to America. ( NOTE: Include the Pilgrims and explain how they were different from other Puritans.)
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The Pilgrims, also known as the purist of the Puritans migration started from Europe to Holland were they sought asylum there, but there they feared that some of the exiles would succumbing to temptation. So they arranged another move, this time to Virginia. Puritans followed after as the political and economic situation worsened in England.
"Puritans" wanted to remain as part of the English establishment, working for biblical reform from within. Even as they emigrated to New England, they affirmed their "Englishness" and saw the main purpose of their new colony as being that of a biblical witness, a "city on a hill" which would set an example of biblical righteousness in church and state for Old England and the entire world to see. As deeply committed covenant theologians, they emphasized especially strongly the corporate righteousness of their entire community before God. “Pilgrims" wanted to achieve "reformation without tarrying," even if it meant separating from their church and their nation. While they continued to think of themselves as English, their emphasis was on their new political identity and spiritual identity. Because of their passionate commitment to the necessity of reformation immediate and without compromise, they emphasized especially strongly individual righteousness before God. |
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Explain how the “Covenant of Good Works,” the Calvinist doctrine of “election,” and the “Half-way Covenant” contributed to conflicts of faith among Massachusetts Bay Puritans.
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Calvinism or “election” states that salvation is predetermined, in the Covenant of Good Works it states that as long as your living in harmony with one another and in obedience to God, that you would be saved. This would conflict because only the “elected” would receive salvation. The “Half-Way Covenant” was adopted to suit the needs of the second-generation puritans born in America who never experienced the crucible of English persecution. They felt less passionate about tightly regulated church communities and gradually members of the church were in decline, which extended partial church membership without voting rights which again was later changed despite protest from first generation-puritans.
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Identify three factors that contributed to more rapid population growth in Massachusetts Bay than the Chesapeake region.
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A cooler climate in Massachusetts helped, nurturing fewer deadly microbes. Many puritans arrived in family units arriving in equal proportions of men and women, and deterioration in England’s political and economic conditions were the three major factors contributed to populations rapid growth of Puritans in Massachusetts Bay colonies. Unlike Mass. Bay, floods of servants and slaves were the cause of growth in Chesapeake colonies.
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Describe the process that Puritans developed for distributing public land.
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The General Court granted all new township tracts. Leading men among a township’s founders became custodians of the lands. Distributing parcels among themselves, in which the best and largest tracts went to heads of families (patriarchs) and the most respected of Puritan saints. The unmarried and servants stood little chance because they were not family people, which was the strong hold of the puritans colonies.
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Explain how Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson created tension within Massachusetts Bay and how they were punished?
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Roger Williams was a separatist and a nonconformist. Befriending the Indians he complained about the colonist pushing them of their land. As a minister, he preached freedom of religious conscience and the strict separation of church and state. These unorthodox views did not sit well with Puritan authority and the General Court banned him. Anne Hutchinson also challenged Puritan authority by holding private women’s meetings and criticizing some the colony’s leading members of the clergy by accusing them of preaching the Covenant of Good Works. She also spoke freely, and criticized ministers. Officials feared that a women of Anne Hutchinson’s stature and abilities might wreck the colony’s patriarchalauthority. The judges banished her “as being a woman not fit for our society”.
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Identify New England’s most important resource and two economic enterprises that it generated.
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New England two most important resources were lumber (timber), and cod fish. The enterprises' that were generated by these resources were cod fishing and shipbuilding that sustained the economy in New England.
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Identify four factors that held Puritan families together.
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1. Read the Bible together, 2. Attended church services together 3. Ties of blood and affection, 4. Relationships of authority and obedience held Puritan family together. (pg. 79)
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Explain why women possessed fewer rights than men in Puritan communities.
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Women almost every where in the seventeenth century world were decidedly inferior to men in terms of status. Because women were thought to weaker and less worldly than men, they possessed fewer rights they were expected to marry and under the protection of their husbands.
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Explain how New Netherlands became New York and New Jersey?
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In the summer of 1664, a flotilla of English ships carrying 400 soldiers swept down on New Amsterdam and forced the Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant to surrender the colony. The Duke of York renamed the area, including Maine to the northeast, New York. Also that same year the Duke of York gave away part of his proprietorship, a particularly fertile are west of the Hudson River, to two loyal friends, Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, who named it New Jersey after Carteret’s home Isle of Jersey.
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Identify “Quakers” two beliefs that set them apart from Puritans.
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Quakers were Protestants known for their intense devotion and ridiculed for their tendency to quiver or “Quake” with religious passion. They differed from the puritans by their belief in God; where salvation did not require the intervention of church officials, and the faithful must be against wickedness. Furthermore, what set them apart was their equality of mankind and their belief in direct communication from God, which they characterized as an “Inner Light”. Women also enjoyed equality within the religious realm, unlike the puritans, with the right to speak freely with men during Quaker meetings.
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Explain the contributions of the “Fundamental Constitutions,” Barbados, Native Americans, and African Americans to the early development of South Carolina.
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The “Fundamental Constitutions”, along with providing religious tolerance, was a proprietary rights plan. Except for a few English aristocrats, the plan was a flaw because without some promise of land people would not go.
In South Carolina the landscape and climate seemed suitable for profitable cultivation but in order for planters to populate there they looked to Barbados were land was fertile had become increasingly scarce which provided easier recruitment for experienced planters A few Native Americans Indians worked in exchange for english trade goods later to be enslaved. This was not effective way of slavery because they easily fled into the backcountry. Nevertheless English settlers still paid the Natives to capture other Indians for shipment to the West Indies for slavery. By the end of the seventeenth century South Carolina’s non-Indian population reached 6,000, of which 2,500 were African Americans that came from Barbados (blacks). (pg. 86,87) |
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Identify the idealistic goal of James Oglethorpe in founding the colony of Georgia, and assess his success in achieving that goal.
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James Oglethorpe ideal goal was to take England’s poor mainly those who could not find work, and teach them to become industrious and responsible citizens. He prohibited slavery in the early colonization process. This insured that the settlers would actually do the work themselves. In addition, did not allow any drunkards, or “vicious person” (gangsters, thugs, murders). Ultimately his goals gave way to the settlers economic interest. Rum and slavery became very profitable despite prohibition.
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Identify three possible motives for a French soldier or an Indian fighter to to attack the frontier English village of Deerfield, Massachusetts.
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Motives 4 French to attack Deerfield
1. To seek recognition 2. Fur traders protecting their livelihood against English competition 3. Usually a teenage boy seeking adventure or trying to make a living Motives 4 Indian to attack Deerfield 1. English settlers had taken their lands. 2. Deerfield was built on the site of the Abenaki village of Pocumtuck whose residents had been dispossessed Revenge 3. To replace kinfolk that had been taken by the English. |
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Identify two motives that prompted Spanish officials to step up the level of settlement on New Spain’s northern frontier in the early 1700s.
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1. Was to protect against the English in South Carolina
2. Nervousness about French exploration and settlement along the lower Mississippi River. |
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Identify tree types of people that could be found in a typical settlement on the western Spanish frontier of the 1700s
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1. The Spanish
2. Pueblo Indians 3. Blacks or African slaves |
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Define the Spanish word Presidio, and tell what purpose Presidios served on the early Spanish frontier in North America.
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Presidio means a massive stone fortress or military settlement the purpose of presidios were to protect from imperial rivals or any other dangers the Spaniards would face in early 1700s.
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Define the French term Coureurs de Bois, and explain how they interacted youth Indian communities.
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Coureurs de Bois were aka “runners of the woods”, who were Frenchmen traders who followed the Huron migration. Moved in among the Indians adopting Native ways and often marrying Native American women. Their ability to supply trade goods added to the power these Indian wives of French traders exercised in their communities, enabling them to influence decisions like going to war and making peace.
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Explain how African slaves came to be in colonial Louisiana and how their status was determined.
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Attempts to enslave Indians generally failed, for the European mind this called for African slaves. The company of the Indies began transporting shiploads of slaves to Louisiana as many as 6,000 slaves entered the colony. Their status was determined by the Code Noir which defined and regulated slavery.
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Identify five French Europeans who explored and founded settlements along the Mississippi River and Gulf Coast.
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1. Louis Joliet
2. Jacque Marquette 3. Robert Cavelier 4. Sieur de La Salle 5. Pierre LeMoye 6. Sieur d’Iberville 7.His brother Sieur de Bienville |
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Explain why eighteenth-century English colonists lived longer than their forebears and why mortality remained high.
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Infant mortality remained high; 1 newborn in 6 died before reaching its second birthday, small pox killed more children than any other infection, along with other fatal diseases kept mortality high in the eighteenth-century.
In contrast, mothers were having 6 to 8 babies during their fertile years, more than enough to offset the overall mortality rate. Also there were medical breakthroughs, like the use of laudanum a derivative of opium for pain, and the inoculation (vaccine) against smallpox allowed the eighth-century colonist to live longer than fore bearers. |
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Identify two issues at the heart of Bacon’s Rebellion and three outcomes of Bacon’s Rebellion.
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The two issues at the center of Bacon’s Rebellion were friction among colonists along with Settlers and Indian conflict. The three outcomes were as follow;
1.The Rebellion exposed the racial and class tensions of most of the colonies. 2.Settlers had competed with Indians for land, but the rebellion essentially ended that, indian populations in that region were never as strong again 3.More fearful than ever of rebellious servants, planters began replacing indentured servants with slave laborers. |
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Identify four measures that slave owners took to control slaves and five steps they took to control free blacks.
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1. Was to put slaves under supervision of hired managers called overseers
2. Strip them of their of previous identities and to emphasize their dependent status, masters assigned them new names 3. Masters forbade African customs (braiding hair, dancing, and drumming) 4. Strict plantation management provided little time for slaves to tend gardens or work after hours for cash. 1. That masters took to control free blacks was to prohibit them from employing white indentured servants 2. Free blacks could not bear arms 3. They also could not hold public office 4. The blacks that were freed were sent away from the colony 5. Laws curtailed the rights of free blacks as well, virtually equation blackness with slavery. |
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Cite four social differences and one similarity between the southern backcountry and the Chesapeake region of the South.
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1. The people of the backcountry attended to their own crops for food
2. Lived in log cabins that were crude, sparsely furnished 3. Mostly freed Creole blacks and runaways lived in the backcountry 4. Had limited access to flourishing costal markets One similarity was they traded any surplus with the large Indian population around their region. |
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Identify five new features that gave added texture to New England societies.
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1. Specialized commerce for example inns and taverns
2. Most young adult turned to trades like watch making and carpentry 3. Credit, since gold and silver money was scarce 4. Family connections for those who did not want to deal with outsiders 5. Roads liking interior towns with coastal market towns like Boston, Portsmouth, Providence. |
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Identify four characteristics of the Middle Colonies
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1. Middle colonies were socially and religiously diverse.
2. They were also considered to be the “bread basket” for the communities from Newfoundland to Georgia. 3. Middle colonies placed value on individual freedom. 4. Quakers comprised the third largest religious domination the the british colonies. |
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Explain why the African-American population in the northern colonies was significantly smaller than in the South.
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African-American population remained significantly smaller in the North than in the South because, the whites only wanted males so they would not reproduce and also feared uprising and revolts would happen with higher number of slaves. Most of them died of malnourishment like bad food, clothing, shelter. Also the Northern whites only wanted younger and smaller numbers to keep slave pop. down.
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Explain what King Philip’s War (aka Metacomet’s War) signified.
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The last major Native American effort to stop New Englanders' invasion of their lands, traders cheating them, and colonists pressuring them to sell their land. It was basically the end of independence for Native Americans of New England.
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Explain what the Glorious Revolution meant for the colonies.
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Individual liberty, enhanced parliament control or supremacy, meaning they had control. That the colonies would inherent natural rights and that legitimate government was bound to respect it, also enhanced the status of legislative assemblies in the colonies. Furthermore encouraged colonial independence.
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Identify the American who epitomized the Enlightenment and three of his practical application of Enlightenment science
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1. The lighting rod
2. The Franklin stove 3. Bifocals and spectacles |
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Identify two ways in which the Great Awakening promoted democratic egalitarianism.
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One of the ways that the Great Awakening promoted democratic egalitarianism is that they described a god who judged everyone equally and preached that salvation was available to all
Another way was it encouraged women to express themselves freely and ignored racial distinctions they also preached to slaves. |
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Explain how Europeans, Native Americans, and African Americans contributed to an emerging American culture.
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Europeans effected the Native Americans way of life when they arrived by displacing the Indians, resulting in loss of control of their hereditary lands, and most Indian societies disappear or reconfigured themselves.
Native Americans started to; hunt with firearms rather than bows, wore clothing made of cloth instead of animal skins, began using iron tools in place of stone ones, contact with Euros also changed the Indians methods of hunting, becoming commercial rappers. African Americans also contributed by some of the words we use today like banjo, yam, canoe, frying food instead of boiling it. |
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Identify three territories the Great Britain obtained in the Treaty of Paris of 1763 and one territory that Spain acquired.
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Great Britain three territories obtained
1. Canadian holdings 2. Louisiana east of the Mississippi River 3. Florida in exchange for Cuba (used to be Spain) Spain 1. Cuba |
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Algonquian
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Languages related to the Eastern Woodlands tribes from the Great Lakes to Maine and southward along the Atlantic coast to North Carolina
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Archaeology
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The scientific study of historic and prehistoric societies based on artifacts
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Cahokia
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The largest of the Mississippian mound-builder communities
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Capitalism
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An economic system where private individuals or groups own the means of production
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Caravel
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a small, fast, and highly maneuverable sailing craft with a triangular lateen sail
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Civilization
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highly developed scientific, technological, and social organizational traits that sets them apart from others
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Clovis
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Fluted spear point discovered near Clovis, New Mexico used for hunting animals
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Culture
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The customs, beliefs, rituals, and language associated with a particular society
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Feudalism
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A stratified society in which noble lords held dominion over peasants on vast manors
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Maize
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Corn that originated in southwestern Mexico from a wild grass known as teosinte
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Matrilineal families
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Natie Indian tribes that trace descent through the mother's side
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Mesoamerica
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Central America
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Nation state
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A political entity (the state ) whose area of sovereignty coincides with the boundaries of people sharing a common culture and a desire for self-deterination as a unit (the nation)
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Paleo-Indians
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Ancient tribes who left behind weapons, tools, dwellings in North America
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The Reconquest
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Almost 800 years of warfare to regain the Iberian Peninsula for European Christianity which Spaniards called La Reconquista
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Society
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People who occupy a particular geographic are, interact with each other on a regular basis, an live as a community
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Songhai
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African kingdom of the early sixteenth century with the metropolis of Timbuktu
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Tribe
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A term largely synonymous with nation but in the context of American history most commonly applied to Native American
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Columbian exchange
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The transfer of products, plants, animals, and diseases between Europeans and native Americans after Columbus' first voyage
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Encomienda
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The labor system by which the Spanish crown obligated local Indians to pay tribute to a designated Spaniard lord as a reward
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Mestizos
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a mixed-race population of Spaniards and native Indians
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New Spain
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The name given to Mexico after the Aztecs were conquered by Spain
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Predestination
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Theological principle that holds that God determined each person's fate before birth
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Privateers
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Privately owned ships operating under government commissions to harass ships of another nation
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Pueblo Revolt
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Revolt by Pueblo Indians against Spanish abuses in 1680 in New Mexico
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Puritans
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Calvinists who wanted to purify the English church of its Catholic elements
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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A longitudinal line dividing the world into two hemisphere, drawn by Pope Alexander VI in 1494 to be shared by Spain and Portugal
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Covenant
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A solemn agreement between or among parties to do something, such as a covenant between people and God
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Creoles
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European colonial settlers born in America
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Headrights
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Fifty-acre allotments allotted to settlers in the early English colonies
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House of Burgesses
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A council to enact local laws for Virginia as the first representative legislative government in English North America
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Indentured Servants
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English colonial settlers under contract to work for masters who covered the cost of their a passage
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Maroon
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A member of a community of fugitive slaves in the backcountry of English North America and the West Indies
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Mayflower Compact
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Covenant by which the passengers of the Mayflower bound themselves to obey laws of the established authority of their leaders
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"Middle Passage"
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The five-week crossing of slave ships across the tropical mid-Atlantic to America
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Parliament
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England's legislative branch of government, comprising the House of Commons and the House of lords
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Patriarchal
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A family structure in which the father possessed unquestioned authority as the family head
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Proprietary colony
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An English colony owned by a single person responsible for its settlement
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Royal colony
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An English colony governed by the monarch usually through appointed governors
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"Stinking weed"
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Another word tobacco
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Tenant
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A person who rents and occupies a house or land
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Anti-Semitism
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Ethnic prejudice and practices that occasionally turned riotous against respected Jewish families, immigrants, and merchants
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Calumet
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A feathered peace pipe used in Indian protocol by which early French Military and traders offered gifts out of respect to build partnerships
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Egalitarianism
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a relationship in the Great Awakening that blurred the lines of ecclesiastical authority, gender ,and social status
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Georgian architecture
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A colonial style characterized by spacious brick house of the English nobility
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Praying town
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An Indian mission built by Puritan ministers to facilitate alliances and attract Indian converts in Massachusetts and Connecticut colonies
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Presidio
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A massive stone fortress in Early Spanish-American colonies of North America
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Sephardic Jews
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Portuguese-speaking Jews who came to New York from Brazil via the West Indies
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Sickle-cell trait
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A blood condition most common in West Africa that can result in resistance to malaria
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Spectral evidence
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uncorroborated evidence used by judges to convict defendants in the Salem witch trials
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Whig
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English supporters of parliament opposed to the monarchy
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