Bu 3 ( Acoustics And Lighting )

Front 1

ACOUSTICS

Back 1

THE STUDY OF SOUND. SCIENCE OF SOUND.

Front 2

SOUND

Back 2

● A DISTURBANCE THAT TRAVELS THROUGH A MEDIUM AS A LONGITUDINAL WAVE.

● A SENSATION FELT BY THE BRAIN RESULTING FROM THE DISTANCE OF MOLECULES IN THE AIR.

Front 3

DECIBEL

Back 3

A LOGARITHMIC UNIT OF SOUND INTENSITY. A MEASUREMENT OF THE INTENSITY OF SOUND.

Front 4

0 dB, 15 dB, 60 dB

Back 4

ON THE DECIBEL:

● NEAR TOTAL SILENCE ____.

● A WHISPER___.

● NORMAL CONVERSATION ___.

Front 5

110 dB, 120 dB, 140 dB

Back 5

ON THE DECIBEL:

● A CAR HORN____.

● A ROCK CONCERT OR JET ENGINE____.

● A GUNSHOT OR FIRECRACKER_____.

Front 6

ABOVE 80 dB

Back 6

INTENSITY OF SOUND THAT CAN CAUSE HEARING LOSS.

Front 7

SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL ( SPL )

Back 7

IS THE RATIO OF THE ABSOLUTE, SOUND PRESSURE AND A REFERENCE LEVEL ( USUALLY THE THRESHOLD OF HEARING OR THE LOWEST INTENSITY SOUND THAT CAN BE HEARD BY MOST PEOPLE ).

Front 8

PASCAL ( Pa )

Back 8

SI METRIC UNIT FOR SOUND PRESSURE. IT IS EQUAL TO A FORCE OF ONE NEWTON PER SQUARE METER.

Front 9

SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL METER

Back 9

MEASURES AMBIENT NOISE IN THE ENVIRONMENT. INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING THE SOUND PRESSURE.

Front 10

REFLECTION

Back 10

THE BOUNCING BACK OF A WAVE WHEN IT HITS A SURFACE THROUGH WHICH IT CANNOT PASS.

Front 11

REVERBERATION

Back 11

THE PERSISTENCE OF A SOUND AFTER ITS SOURCE HAS STOPPED.

Front 12

HARD

Back 12

____ SURFACE MATERIALS HAVE LONG REVERBERATION SOUND COMPARE TO THE ABSORPTIVE MATERIALS.

Front 13

REVERBERATION TIME

Back 13

THE TIME IT TAKES FOR A SOUND PRODUCED IN AN ENCLOSED SPACE TO DECREASE TO 1/1000TH OF ITS ORGINAL PRESSURE. THE TIME IT TAKES FOR THE REGENERATION OR SOUND WAVE REFLECTION TO DISAPPEAR.

Front 14

SOUND TRANSMISSION CLASS ( STC )

Back 14

A SINGLE NUMBER RATING OF THE SOUND INSULATION RATING OF A PARTITION.

Hint 14

Front 15

TRANSMISSION LOSS ( TL )

Back 15

IS THE MEASURE OF SOUND INSULATION OF A PARTITION. THE HIGHER THE NUMBER, THE GREATER THE INSULATION VALUE.

Front 16

SOUND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT

Back 16

● THE AMOUNT OF SOUND THAT A MATERIAL WILL ABSORB.

FROM 0 TO 1

● 0 IS WORSE, 1 IS BETTER

● FRACTION OF SOUND ENERGY ABSORBED.

Front 17

0.01 - 0.02

Back 17

HARD MATERIAL LIKE TILE AND GLASS HAS A SMALLER COEFFICIENT RANGE FROM ____.

Front 18

DIFFUSE REFLECTION

Back 18

THE REFLECTION OF WAVES IN MANY DIRECTIONS FROM A ROUGH SURFACE.

Front 19

INCIDENT RAY

Back 19

THE RAY THAT COMES FROM AN OBJECT AND STRIKES A SURFACE.

Front 20

ANGLE OF INCIDENCE

Back 20

THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE INCIDENT RAY AND THE NORMAL.

Front 21

ANGLE OF REFLECTION

Back 21

THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE REFLECTED RAY AND THE NORMAL.

Front 22

REFLECTED RAY

Back 22

THE LIGHT RAY THAT BOUNCES OFF A SURFACE.

Front 23

SOUND REFLECTION

Back 23

SOUND IS BOUNCED OFF A SURFACE. THIS USUALLY OCCURS ON FLAT, RIGID SURFACES WITH A LOT OF MASS LIKE CONCRETE OR BRICK WALLS. BECAUSE THE SOUND WAVE CANT PENETRATE VERY FAR INTO THE SURFACE, THE WAVE IS TURNED BACK ON ITSELF LIKE A RICOCHET. THE SOUND BOUNCING BACK OFF THE SURFACE CREATES AN ECHO.

Front 24

SOUND ABSORPTION

Back 24

THE PROCESS OF DISSIPATING SOUND ENERGY BY CONVERTING IT TO HEAT.

Front 25

SOUND DIFFUSION

Back 25

WHEN SOUND TRAVELS IN ALL DIRECTIONS. WHEN A SOUND WAVE HITS AN IRREGULAR SURFACE LIKE FOAM OR CARPET, THE VIBRATION BREAKS UP AND TRAVELS ALONG MANY MUCH SMALLER PATHS.

Front 26

THERMAL INSULATION

Back 26

A MATERIAL PROVIDING HIGH RESISTANCE TO HEAT FLOW.

Front 27

ACOUSTIC INSULATION

Back 27

A MATERIAL THAT REDUCED TRANSMISSION OF UNWANTED DIRECT SOUND WAVES FROM THE SOURCE TO AN INVOLUNTARY LISTENER THROUGH THE USE OF DISTANCE AND INTERVENING OBJECTS IN THE SOUND PATH.

Front 28

NOISE REDUCTION COEFFICIENT ( NRC )

Back 28

IT IS THE SINGLE NUMBER RATING SYSTEM USED TO COMPARE THE SOUND-ABSORBING CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILDING MATERIALS.

Front 29

SABIN

Back 29

UNIT OF SOUND ABSORPTION EQUIVALENT TO 1 SQUARE FOOT OF PERFECTLY ABSORPTIVE MATERIAL.

Front 30

ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE

Back 30

RESISTANCE A MATERIAL PROVIDES TO THE PASSAGE OF SOUND WAVES.

Front 31

SOUND INTENSITY

Back 31

ALSO KNOWN AS ACOUSTIC INTENSITY IS DEFINED AS THE POWER CARRIED BY SOUND WAVES PER UNIT AREA.

Front 32

AUDIO FREQUENCY ( AF )

Back 32

ANY FREQUENCY AUDIBLE TO THE HUMAN EAR.

Front 33

HERTZ ( HZ )

Back 33

THE UNIT OF FREQUENCY, EQUAL TO ONE CYCLE PER SECOND.

Front 34

AMPLITUDE

Back 34

THE HEIGHT OF A WAVES CREST OR ITS THE FLUCTUATIONS OR DISPLACEMENT OF A WAVE FROM ITS MEAN VALUE.

Front 35

CANDELAS ( cd )

Back 35

IS THE BASE UNIT OF LUMINOUS INTENSITY IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS; THAT IS, LUMINOUS POWER PER UNIT SOLID ANGLE EMITTED BY A POINT LIGHT SOURCE IN A PARTICULAR DIRECTION.

Front 36

LUMINOUS FLUX

Back 36

THE RATE OF FLOW OF LIGHT THROUGH A SURFACE. QUANTITY OF LIGHT IN LUMENS.

Front 37

LUMEN ( lm )

Back 37

● A MEASUREMENT OF THE BRIGHTNESS OF LIGHT.

● THE BRIGHTNESS OF PROJECTOR DEVICES IS RATED IN THESE UNITS.

Front 38

LUMINOUS INTENSITY

Back 38

LIGHT EMITTED TOWARDS A SPECIFIC DIRECTION WITHIN A GIVEN ANGLE. THE INTENSITY OF A LIGHT SOURCE, MEASURED IN CANDELAS.

Front 39

ILLUMINANCE

Back 39

THE RATE AT WHICH LIGHT STRIKES A SURFACE, OR FALLS ON A UNIT AREA. IS MEASURED IN LUMENS PER SQUARE METER OR LUX, LX.

Front 40

LUMINANCE

Back 40

LIGHT REFLECTED TO THE EYES.

Front 41

FOOTCANDLE

Back 41

A UNIT OF ILLUMINATION EQUAL TO 1 LUMEN PER SQUARE FOOT.

THE AMOUNT OF VISIBLE LIGHT FALLING ON A SURFACE.

Front 42

WATTS

Back 42

A MEASURE OF THE TOTAL POWER OUTPUT OF A LIGHT SOURCE.

Front 43

LUMEN

Back 43

A MEASURE OF THE TOTAL VISIBLE LIGHT OUTPUT OF A LIGHT SOURCE.

Front 44

CANDLEPOWER

Back 44

AN OBSOLETE TERM THAT HAS BEEN REPLACED BY " CANDELA ".

Front 45

CANDELA

Back 45

A MEASURE OF THE INTENSITY OF A LIGHT SOURCE IN A PARTICULAR DIRECTION.

Front 46

1 FOOTCANDLE

Back 46

1 LUMEN / FEET^2 = ______.

Front 47

1 LUX

Back 47

1 LUMEN / METER^2 = _______.

Front 48

1 LUMEN

Back 48

1 CANDLEPOWER = ______.

Front 49

ABSORPTANCE

Back 49

THE RATIO OF LIGHT ABSORBED BY A MATERIAL TO THE LIGHT FALLING UPON IT.

Front 50

REFLECTANCE

Back 50

THE PERCENTAGE OF LIGHT REFLECTED FROM A SURFACE.

Front 51

REFLECTION FACTOR

Back 51

THE PERCENTAGE OF LIGHT FALLING ON A SURFACE THAT IS REFLECTED BY THAT SURFACE.

Front 52

REFLECTANCE COEFFICIENT

Back 52

THE RATIO OF TOTAL REFLECTED LIGHT TO TOTAL INCIDENT LIGHT EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE.

Front 53

SPECULAR REFLECTION

Back 53

A REFLECTION PRODUCED BY A SMOOTH SURFACE IN WHICH PARALLEL LIGHT RAYS ARE REFLECTED IN PARALLEL. " REGULAR REFLECTION " ( OBSERVED IN MIRROR ).

Front 54

DIFFUSE REFLECTION

Back 54

REFLECTION OF LIGHT FROM A ROUGH SURFACE. REFLECTED LIGHT IS SCATTERED IN ALL DIRECTIONS.

Front 55

DIRECT TRANSMISSION

Back 55

LIGHT PASSES THROUGH A CLEAR, TRANSPARENT MATERIALS. ANGLE AT WHICH THE LIGHT LEAVES THE SAME AS THAT AT WHICH ENTERS.

Front 56

DIFFUSE TRANSMISSION

Back 56

EMERGING LIGHT SPEADS IN ALL DIRECTION. TRANSMITTED LIGHT IS SCATTERED EVENLY.

Front 57

TRANSPARENT

Back 57

MATERIALS ALLOWING LIGHT TO PASS THROUGH.

Front 58

TRANSLUCENT

Back 58

MATERIALS THAT IS PERMITTING LIGHT TO PASS THROUGH, BUT NOT TRANSPARENT.

Front 59

OPAQUE

Back 59

MATERIALS THAT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SEE THROUGH. PREVENTING THE PASSAGE OF LIGHT.

Front 60

FOOTLAMBERT ( FL )

Back 60

UNIT OF BRIGHTNESS.

Front 61

FOOTCANDLE, FOOTLAMBERT

Back 61

● WHEN ILLUMINATION IS ON SURFACE, THE LUMENS PER SQUARE FOOT ARE MEASURED AS _____.

● WHEN BRIGHTNESS IS FROM SURFACE, THE LUMENS PER SQUARE FOOT ARE MEASURED AS ____.

Front 62

REFRACTION

Back 62

THE BENDING OF A LIGHT AS IT PASSES AT AN ANGLE FROM ONE MEDIUM TO ANOTHER.

Front 63

GLARE

Back 63

EFFECT OF EXCESSIVE BRIGHTNESS IN THE FIELD OF VIEW, CAUSING ANNOYANCE, DISCOMFORT AND INTERFERING VISIONS ( DIRECT FROM LIGHT / REFLECT FROM A SHINY SURFACE ).

Front 64

REFLECTOR

Back 64

A DEVICE FOR REDIRECTING RADIANT ENERGY OF A LAMP BY REFLECTING IN THE DESIRED DIRECTION.

Front 65

REFRACTOR

Back 65

A DEVICE FOR REDIRECTING RADIANT ENERGY OF A LAMP IN THE DESIRED DIRECTION BY REFRACTION THROUGH A LENSE.

Front 66

LUMINAIRE

Back 66

COMPLETE LIGHTING UNIT / FIXTURE.

Front 67

METAL HALLIDE LAMP

Back 67

● ALSO KNOWN AS " MH LAMP ". IT IS AN HID LAMP ( HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE ) WHICH MEANS ITS PROVIDE MOST OF ITS LIGHT FROM ELECTRIC ARC WITHIN A SMALL DISCHARGE TUBE.

● BEST LIGHT FOR STADIUMS, SPORTS FIELD PARKING LIGHTS AND STREET LIGHTING.

● MORE PURE WHITE THAN THE POPULAR HPS LIGHT AND MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT. GOOD FOR INDOOR ( HIGH CEILING APPLICATIONS ) AND OUTDOOR USE DUE TO GOOD LIGHT QUALITY.

Front 68

LOW-PRESSURE SODIUM LAMP

Back 68

● THE FIRST SODIUM LAMP TO BE DEVELOPED. IT IS KNOWN BY ITS SIGNATURE MONOCHROMATIC YELLOW COLOR.

● A VERY EFFICIENT LAMP POWERFUL LAMP FOR USE OF LARGE AREAS. RESTARTS IMMEDIATELY IF THERE IS BROWN-OUT. LUMEN OUTPUT DOES NOT DROP WITH AGE.

Front 69

HIGH-PRESSURE SODIUM LAMP

Back 69

● LIGHT IS A YELLOW-TINTED COLOR DUE TO THE SODIUM CONTAINED WITHIN THEM UNDER HIGH PRESSURE.

● THE MOST POPULAR LAMP FOR STREET LIGHTING.

Front 70

MERCURY VAPOR LAMP

Back 70

● IS A GAS DISCHARGE LAMP THAT USES AN ELECTRIC ARC THROUGH VAPORIZED MERCURY TO PRODUCE LIGHT.

● IT USES AN ARC THROUGH VAPORIZED MERCURY IN A HIGH PRESSURE TUBE TO CREATE VERY BRIGHT LIGHT DIRECTLY FROM ITS OWN ARC.

Front 71

INCANDESCENT LAMPS

Back 71

● IS AN ELECTRIC LIGHT WITH A WIRE FILAMENT HEATED TO SUCH A HIGH TEMPERATURE THAT IT GLOWS.

● INEXPENSIVE, COMPACT, EASY TO DIM, & WARM COLOR RENDITION. LOW EFFICACY, SHORT LAMP LIFE, & HIGH HEAT OUTPUT.

● LIGHT PRODUCED BY HEAT.

Front 72

COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS

Back 72

● IS A TYPE OF FLUORESCENT LAMP GENERALLY DESIGNED AS A REPLACEMENT FOR INCANDESCENT OR HALOGEN LAMPS.

● A TYPE OF LAMP DESIGNED TO FIT INTO ROUGHLY THE SAME SPACE OF A FLUORESCENT BUT HAS A FLUORESCENCE ADVANTAGE. IT HAS A LONGER LIFE, AND USES LESS ENERGY.

● COILED TUBES ABOUT THE SIZE OF A REGULAR INCANDESCENT BULB.

Front 73

HALOGEN LAMPS

Back 73

● ALSO KNOWN AS A TUNGSTEN HALOGEN, QUARTZ-HALOGEN OR QUARTZ IODINE LAMP, IS AN INCANDESCENT LAMP CONSISTING OF A TUNGSTEN FILAMENT SEALED INTO A COMPACT TRANSPARENT ENVELOPE THAT IS FILLED WITH A MIXTURE OF AN INERT GAS AND A SMALL AMOUNT OF A HALOGEN SUCH AS IODINE OR BROMINE.

● LAMPS USED FOR CASTING COLORED LIGHT FROM A SPOTLIGHT.

Front 74

FLUORESCENT TUBE

Back 74

● IS A GAS DISCHARGE TUBE THAT USES A FLUORESCENCE TO PRODUCE VISIBLE LIGHT. LUMINOUS EFFICIENCY OF A FLUORESCENT TUBE IS ABOUT 45 TO 100 LUMENS PER WATT.

● A TYPE OF ENERGY SAVING LAMP.

● A LIGHT SOURCE IN WHICH LIGHT IS PRODUCED BY THE ACTIVATION OF FLORESCENT POWDER ( PHOSPHUR ) COATED ON THE INNER SURFACE OF A GLASS TUBE.

Front 75

NEON LAMPS

Back 75

● IS A MINIATURE GAS DISCHARGE LAMP. THE LAMP TYPICALLY CONSISTS OF A SMALL GLASS CAPSULE THAT CONTAINS A MIXTURE OF NEON AND OTHER GASES AT A LOW PRESSURE AND TWO ELECTRODES ( AN ANODE AND A CATHODE ).

● EMITS DIFFERENT COLORS DUE TO DIFFERENT GASES.

● CAN BE MANUFACTURED IN VARIOUS SHAPES. USED FOR SIGNS AND SPECIALTY ACCENT. CAN PRODUCE A VARIETY OF COLORS.

Front 76

INDIRECT LIGHTING

Back 76

LIGHTING SHINING OVER A SPACE RATHER THAN AT A CERTAIN PLACE. TYPE OF LIGHTING SYSTEM WHERE 90-100% OF LIGHT OUTPUT IS DIRECTED TO THE CEILING AND UPPER WALLS OF THE ROOM.

Front 77

SEMI-DIRECT LIGHTING

Back 77

LIGHT SOURCE THAT FOCUSES OF 60-90% OF ITS LIGHT DOWNWARD AND THE REST TOWARD THE CEILING.

Front 78

DIFFUSE LIGHTING

Back 78

LIGHT THAT HAS BEEN SPREAD OUT TO COVER A LARGE AREA AND HAS A NEUTRAL COLOR.

Front 79

DIRECT LIGHTING

Back 79

LIGHTING THAT SHINES DIRECTLY TOWARD AN OBJECT. TYPE OF LIGHTING SYSTEM WHERE 90-100% OF LIGHT OUTPUT IS DIRECTED TO THE OBJECT.

Front 80

GENERAL LIGHTING

Back 80

TYPES OF LIGHTING THAT DEALS WITH LIGHTING RELATIVELY LARGE AREA COVERED. LIGHTING THAT PROVIDES A UNIFORM LEVEL OF LIGHT THROUGHOUT A ROOM. ALSO CALLED AMBIENT LIGHTING.

Front 81

LOCALIZED LIGHTING

Back 81

A LIGHTING TECHNIQUE THAT ALLOWS A USER TO POSITION LIGHT SOURCES WHERE THEY ARE NEEDED AND AT THE APPROPRIATE ILLUMINATION LEVEL.

Front 82

COVE LIGHTING

Back 82

ILLUMINATION TECHNIQUE MOUNTED ON A WALL OR CEILING, DIRECTING THE LIGHT UP TOWARD THE CEILING.

Front 83

CORNICE LIGHTING

Back 83

A LIGHTING SYSTEM THAT SHIELDS A LIGHT BY A PANEL PARALLEL TO THE WALL, WHICH IS ATTACHED TO THE CEILING, GIVING A DOWNWARD LIGHTING.

Front 84

VALANCE LIGHTING

Back 84

A LIGHTING SYSTEM THAT SHIELDS THE LIGHT BY A PANEL PARALLEL TO THE WALL, THAT PROVIDES BOTH UPWARD AND DOWNWARD LIGHTING.

Front 85

TRACK LIGHTING

Back 85

LIGHTING PROVIDED BY ADJUSTABLE SPOTLIGHTS MOUNTED ALONG A NARROW CEILING OR WALL MOUNTED METAL TRACK THROUGH WHICH CURRENT IS CONDUCTED.

Front 86

CHANDELIER

Back 86

A LIGHT FIXTURE THAT HOLDS MANY BULBS AND HANGS FROM THE CEILING.

Front 87

PENDANT LIGHT

Back 87

A LIGHTING FIXTURE SUSPENDED FROM THE CEILING. IT HANGS FROM THE CEILING USUALLY SUSPENDED BY A CORD, CHAIN, OR METAL ROD.

Front 88

SCONCE

Back 88

IS A TYPE OF LIGHT FIXTURE AFFIXED TO A WALL IN SUCH A WAY THAT IT USES ONLY THE WALL FOR SUPPORT, AND THE LIGHT IS USUALLY DIRECTED UPWARDS, BUT NOT ALWAYS.

Front 89

TORCHIERE

Back 89

A FLOOR LAMP HAVING ITS LIGHT SOURCE WITHIN A REFLECTING BOWL THAT DIRECTS LIGHT UPWARD.

Front 90

BRIDGE LAMP

Back 90

A SMALL FLOOR LAMP USUALLY WITH AN ADJUSTABLE ARM.

Front 91

DROPLIGHT

Back 91

A LIGHTING FIXTURE SUSPENDED FROM A CEILING OR WALL BY A FLEXIBLE CORD, BY WHICH IT CAN BE RAISED OR LOWERED.

Front 92

FLOOD LIGHT

Back 92

IS A BROAD-BEAMED, HIGH-INTENSITY ARTIFICIAL LIGHT. THEY ARE OFTEN USED TO ILLUMINATE OUTDOOR PLAYING FIELDS WHILE AN OUTDOOR SPORTS EVENT IS BEING HELD DURING LOW-LIGHT CONDITIONS.

Front 93

TROFFER LIGHTING

Back 93

IS A RECTANGULAR LIGHT FIXTURE THAT FITS INTO A MODULAR DROPPED CEILING GRID ( I.E. 2' BY 2' BY 4' ). IT HAVE TYPICALLY BEEN DESIGNED TO ACCOMMODATE STANDARD FLUORESCENT LAMPS ( T12, T8, OR T5 ), BUT ARE NOW OFTEN DESIGNED WITH INTEGRAL LED SOURCES.

Front 94

DIMMERS

Back 94

CONTROLS THE CHANGE THE LEVEL OF LIGHTING INTENSITY.

Front 95

SMART LIGHTING

Back 95

IS A LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY DESIGNED FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY. THIS MAY INCLUDE HIGH EFFICIENCY FIXTURES AND AUTOMATED CONTROLS THAT MAKE ADJUSTMENTS BASED ON CONDITIONS SUCH AS OCCUPANCY OR DAYLIGHT AVAILABILITY.

Front 96

LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE ( LED )

Back 96

IS A SEMICONDUCTOR LIGHT SOURCE THAT EMITS LIGHT WHEN CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH IT.

Front 97

DIFFUSE BULBS

Back 97

TYPES OF LED BULB:

Front 98

DIMMABLE LED GLOBE BULBS

Back 98

TYPES OF LED BULB:

Front 99

LED TRACK LIGHT

Back 99

TYPES OF LED BULB:

Front 100

CANDELABRA BASE LED

Back 100

TYPES OF LED BULB:

Front 101

LED TUBE LIGHTS

Back 101

TYPES OF LED BULB:

Front 102

CFL BALLAST

Back 102

A SMALL CIRCUIT BOARD IN CFL THAT REGULATES THE FLOW OF ELECTRICITY AND ENSURES THAT THE MINIMUM AMOUNT OF ENERGY IS BEING USED TO CREATE LIGHT.

Front 103

SPIRAL LAMPS

Back 103

TYPE OF LED BULB:

THIS TYPE OF LED HAVE A TUBE THAT CURLS AROUND IN A BULB-LIKE SHAPES.

Front 104

TRIPLE TUBE LAMPS

Back 104

TYPES OF LED BULB:

THESE FEATURES THREE TUBES IN A "U" SHAPE, RATHER THAN A CURLY BULB.

Front 105

STANDARD LAMPS

Back 105

TYPES OF LED BULB:

THESE ARE IDENTICAL TO CFL SPIRAL BULBS, EXCEPT THEY ALSO FEATURE A DOME COVER.

Front 106

GLOBE LAMPS

Back 106

TYPES OF LED BULB:

ARE LIKE STANDARD LAMPS, EXCEPT WITH A LARGER DOME COVER. THEY ARE COMMONLY USED IN BATHROOM VANITY MIRRORS.

Front 107

LED STRIP LIGHT

Back 107

ALSO KNOWN AS LED TAPE LIGHT OR RIBBON LIGHTS.

Front 108

SOFT WHITE / WARM WHITE

Back 108

COLOR TEMPERATURE FOR LIGHT BULBS:

● THE DEGREES IN KELVIN IS RANGING FROM 2700K - 3000K.

● BEST FOR BEDROOMS AND LIVING ROOMS. PROVIDING A TRADITIONAL WARM AND COZY FEEL.

Hint 108

Front 109

BRIGHT WHITE / COOL WHITE

Back 109

COLOR TEMPERATURE FOR LIGHT BULBS:

● THE DEGREES IN KELVIN IS RANGING FROM 3500K - 4100K.

● BEST FOR KITCHENS, BATHROOMS, OR GARAGES. GIVING ROOMS A WHITER, MORE ENERGETIC FEEL.

Hint 109

Front 110

DAYLIGHT

Back 110

COLOR TEMPERATURE FOR LIGHT BULBS:

● THE DEGREES IN KELVIN IS RANGING FROM 5000K - 6500K.

● BEST FOR BATHROOMS, KITCHEN AND BASEMENTS. GOOD FOR READING, INTRICATE PROJECTS OR APPLYING MAKE-UP. PROVIDES THE GREATEST CONTRAST AMONG COLORS.

Hint 110

Front 111

WARM WHITE

Back 111

TYPE OF COLOR LIGHTING THAT PROMOTES RELAXATION AND COZY FEELING, RELAXING FOR THE EYES AND OFTEN THE SKIN TONE AND REDUCES IMPERFECTIONS.

Hint 111

Front 112

COOL WHITE

Back 112

TYPE OF COLOR LIGHTING THAT WILL BRING THE TRUE COLOR OF AN OBJECT FURTHERMORE IT IS MORE LUMINOUS THAN WARM WHITE.

Hint 112

Front 113

COLOR RENDERING INDEX ( CRI )

Back 113

● MEASUREMENT SHOWING EFFECT OF A LIGHT SOURCE ON THE COLOR OF OBJECTS BASED ON A 0 TO 100 SCALE.

● IS A SCALE FROM 0 TO 100 % INDICATING HOW ACCURATE A "GIVEN" LIGHT SOURCE IS AT RENDERING COLOR WHEN COMPARED TO A "REFERENCE" LIGHT SOURCE. THE HIGHER THE CRI, THE BETTER THE COLOR RENDERING ABILITY.

Front 114

85 TO 90

Back 114

LIGHT SOURCES WITH A CRI OF ____ TO ____ ARE CONSIDERED GOOD AT COLOR RENDERING.

Front 115

100

Back 115

ACCORDING TO CRI, THOSE LIGHTS WITH A CRI CLOSER TO ____ HAVE AN ABILITY TO SHOW TRUE COLORS ACROSS A WIDE SPECTRUM.

Front 116

TASK LIGHTING

Back 116

ILLUMINATION THAT IS SPECIFIC TO EACH TASK PERFORMED IN A SPACE.

Front 117

ACCENT LIGHTING

Back 117

A FORM OF LIGHTING THAT SERVES AS A HIGHLIGHT. LIGHTING USED PRIMARILY TO DRAW ATTENTION TO PARTICULAR POINTS OF INTEREST.

Front 118

20 TO 20000 HZ

Back 118

A HEALTHY PAIR OF HUMAN EAR HAS A DETECTION RANGE OF_____.

Front 119

344 M / SEC

Back 119

SOUND TRAVELS IN AIR, AT SEA LEVEL, IN ___ M / SEC.

Front 120

FREQUENCY

Back 120

THE NUMBER OF CYCLES PER UNIT TIME OF A WAVE OR OSCILLATIONS EXPRESSED IN HERTZ OF CYCLES PER SECOND.

Front 121

ECHO

Back 121

DELAYED SOUND HEARD A FRACTION OF A SECOND AFTER THE DIRECTION OF SOUND IS HEARD.

Front 122

FLUTTER

Back 122

IS PERCIEVED AS A BUZZING OR CLICKING SOUND, AND IT IS COMPRISED OF REPEATED ECHOES TRAVERSING BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN TWO NON-ABSORBING PARALLEL SURFACES.

Front 123

FIBROUS MATERIALS

Back 123

A DEVICE USED FOR SOUND ABSORPTION.

Front 124

CREEP

Back 124

THIS DESCRIBES THE REFLECTION OF SOUND ALONG A CURVED SURFACE NEAR THE SURFACE.

Front 125

40 dB

Back 125

IT IS THE LIMIT FOR COMFORTABLE HEARING.

Front 126

OMNIDIRECTIONAL MIC

Back 126

IT IS A TYPE OF MICROPHONE WHICH EQUALLY SENSITIVE SOUND ARRIVING AT IT FROM ANY DIRECTION.

Front 127

PHOTOMETRY

Back 127

THE SCIENCE THAT DEALS WITH MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT.

Front 128

MHO

Back 128

USED IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS. THE RECIPROCAL OG OHM.

Front 129

INVERSE SQUARE LAW

Back 129

SOUND INTENSITY VARIES INVERSELY WITH THE SQUARE OF THE DISTANCE FROM THE SOURCE.

Front 130

DROPPLER EFFECT

Back 130

AN APPARENT SHIFT IN THE FREQUENCY OCCURING WHEN AN ACOUSTIC SOURCE AND LISTENER ARE IN MOTION RELATIVE TO EACH OTHER. THE FREQUENCY INCREASING WHEN THE SOURCE AND THE LISTENER APPROACH EACH OTHER AND DECREASING WHEN THEY MOVE APART.

Front 131

PSYCHO ACOUSTICS

Back 131

THE STUDY OF REACTIONS OF HUMANS TO AUDIBLE SOUND.

Front 132

ENVIRONMENTAL ACOUSTICS

Back 132

STUDY OF EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT UPON AUDIBLE SOUND.

Front 133

ELECTRO ACOUSTICS

Back 133

STUDY OF SOUND GENERATED BY EQUIPNEMT.

Front 134

WAVELENGTH

Back 134

THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO SIMILAR POINTS IN SUCCESSION, WAVES TRAVELING IN ONE CYCLE.

Front 135

MAGNITUDE

Back 135

THE AMOUNT OF SOUND ENERGY PRODUCED BY THE SOURCE.

Front 136

SOUND FOCI

Back 136

THE REFLECTED SOUND THAT GATHERS IN A CENTRAL PORTION OF THE ROOM.

Front 137

DEAD ROOM

Back 137

CHARACTERIZED BY LARGE AMOUNTS OF ABSORPTION.

Hint 137

Front 138

LIVE ROOM

Back 138

CHARACTERIZED BY VERY SMALL AMOUNTS OF ABSORPTION.

Hint 138

Front 139

RESONANCE

Back 139

STATE EXISTING IN A SYSTEM WHICH IS SET INTO OSCILLATION.

Front 140

PURE TONE

Back 140

SOUND SENSATION IN A SINGLE FREQUENCY.

Hint 140

Front 141

SINE WAVE

Back 141

WAVE PRODUCED BY PURE TONE.

Hint 141

Front 142

PHON

Back 142

UNIT OF LOUDNESS LEVEL.

Front 143

SOUND ATTENUATION

Back 143

THE REDUCTION IN THE INTENSITY OR IN THE SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL OF SOUND WHICH IS TRANSMITTED FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER.

Front 144

SOUND DIFFRACTION

Back 144

ACOUSTICAL PHENOMENON WHICH CAUSES SOUND WAVE TO BE BENT OR SCATTERED AROUND.

Front 145

THRESHOLD OF AUDIBILITY

Back 145

MINIMUM SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL THAT IS CAPABLE OF BEING DETECTED BY HUMAN EAR.

Front 146

CATHODE

Back 146

THE EQUIVALENT OF FILAMENT IN A FLOURESCENT LAMP.

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MICROPHONE

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SOUND SYSTEM INPUT DEVICE THAT REACTS TO AND CONVERTS VARIABLE SOUND PRESSURE INTO VARIABLE ELECTRICAL CURRENT.

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CROSS LIGHTING

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LIGHT ORIGINATING FROM SOURCES NOT FACING EACH OTHER, AS FROM WINDOWS IN ADJACENT WALLS.

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SPECIFIC LIGHTING

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A TYPE OF LIGHTING THAT PROVIDES ILLUMINATION TO SPECIAL OBJECTS LIKE SCULPTURES, FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS, ETC.

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EGGCRATE

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A LOUVERED CONSTRUCTION DIVIDED INTO CELL-LIKE AREAS AND USED FOR REDIRECTING THE LIGHT EMMITTED BY AN OVERHEAD SOURCE.

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PASSIVE INFRARED

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A TYPE OF PERIMETER DETECTOR WHICH DETECTS OBJECT IN HEAT RANGE OF BODY TEMPERATURE OR INTERRUPTION OF LIGHT BEAM.

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ULTRASONIC

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A TYPE OF PERIMETER DETECTOR WHICH DETECTS CHANGE IN SOUND WAVE PATTERN. HIGHER THAN 20000 HERTZ.

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MICROWAVE

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A TYPE OF PERIMETER DETECTOR WHICH IS SUBJECT TO FALSE ALARM FROM AIRCRAFT RADAR AND FROM MOVEMENT OUTSIDE BUILDING THROUGH WINDOW, WOOD DOORS, AND THE LIKE. IT USES RADIO WAVES.

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PROXIMITY

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THIS TYPE OF PERIMETER DETECTOR DETECTS A CHANGE IN CAPACITANCE OF THE AREA COVERED, CAUSED BY INTRUSION.

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MAGNETIC FLUX

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UNIT OF TESLA

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NADIR

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A CONDITION CHARACTERIZED AS VERTICALLY DOWNWARD, DIRECTLY BELOW THE LUMINAIRE.

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WALLACE CLEMENT SABINE

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FATHER OF ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS.

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STRUCTURE BORNE SOUND

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WHEN SOUND IMPINGES ON A SURFACE, SUCH AS WALLS, FLOOR, CEILING, ETC.

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HELMHOLTZ RESONATOR

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THIS MATERIAL IS NAMED IN HONOR OF A GERMAN PHYSICIST. CONSIST OF A HOLLOW MATERIAL WITH A SMALL HOLE ON ONE SIDE. THIS IS USED TO DETECT INDIVIDUAL FREQUENCY OF COMPLEX ACOUSTIC WAVE CONFIGURATION.

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INDIVIDUAL RESONATOR

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A TYPE OF RESONATOR MADE FROM EMPTY CLAY VESSELS OF DIFFERENT SIZES. THEIR ABSORPTION RANGES FROM 100 - 400 HERTZ.

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FARAD

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UNIT OF CAPACITANCE.

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CONDUCTANCE

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RECIPROCAL OF RESISTANCE.

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ACOUSTIC BAFFLES

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VIBRATIONS PRODUCE FRICTION BETWEEN ITS FIBERS, PRODUCING MINUSCULE AMOUNTS OF HEAT, THIS HEAT DISSIPATES QUICKLY THROUGHOUT THE PANEL; CONVERTING SOUND ENERGY INTO THERMAL ENERGY.