Bsu Microbiology Lecture 30-40 Reef Q's

Front 1

True or false: Influenza also causes the stomach flu

Back 1

False

Front 2

True or false: Two H1N1 viruses will have the same RNA genome sequence

Back 2

False

Front 3

Who had the highest mortality rate in the 1918 flue pandemic?

Back 3

Young adults

Front 4

What is the major drawback to the flu vaccine?

Back 4

It does not provide long-term immunity

Front 5

What is the cause of the common cold?

Back 5

It can be caused by 200 different viruses

Front 6

What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?

Back 6

HIV infections can lead to AIDS

Front 7

Are yellow nodules a sign of HIV?

Back 7

No

Front 8

Who can become infected with HIV?

Back 8

Anyone without genetic immunity

Front 9

How can HIV be transmitted?

Back 9

Sexual contact, needle sharing, from mother to fetus, breast milk

Hint 9

One or many ways?

Front 10

What is the effect of male circumcision on HIV transmission?

Back 10

Decreases risk of becoming infected by 50%

Front 11

What is the average cost to treat an AIDS patient for one year?

Back 11

> $35,000

Front 12

Why is the whole world terrified of Ebola?

Back 12

The mortality rate sometimes reaches 90%

Front 13

What condition does Ebola cause?

Back 13

Failure of blood to clot

Front 14

What was the cause of the first outbreak of Zaire Ebola in 1995?

Back 14

Ebola-contaminated needles that were reused

Front 15

How could you determine which animal is the reservoir for the Ebolavirus?

Back 15

Test animals for antibodies to Ebola

Front 16

How is Zika spread?

Back 16

Mosquitos and sexual contact

Front 17

Zika virus infection during pregnancy is known to cause ___ in a fetus

Back 17

Microcephaly

Front 18

True or false: All forms of birth control can prevent the transmission of Zika

Back 18

False

Front 19

Which branch of the immune system involves recognizing specific microbes?

Back 19

Adaptive

Front 20

What physical factor doesn't protect epithelial surfaces?

Back 20

Gastric juices

Hint 20

1. Earwax

2. Urine

3. Vaginal secretions

4. Gastric juices

5. Vomiting and diarrhea

Front 21

How could an eosinophil kill a parasitic worm?

Back 21

c. By releasing peroxide into the worm

Front 22

High levels of neutrophils in the blood would most likely indicate:

Back 22

An acute bacterial infection

Front 23

Phagocytosis is part of the body's:

Back 23

Second line of defense

Hint 23

Which line of defense?

Front 24

If you have a fever, should you take a pain-reliever like tylenol?

Back 24

Maybe, depends on how high of a fever

Front 25

How does opsonization protect us from infections?

Back 25

By promoting phagocytosis

Front 26

True or false: Interferons cannot treat cells that are already infected by a virus

Back 26

True

Front 27

What is not found on the outside of bacteria?

Back 27

Capsid

Hint 27

1. Glycocalyx

2. Capsid

3. Fimbria

4. Flagellum

Front 28

The adaptive immune system is acquired through:

Back 28

Both infections and vaccination

Front 29

TNF-alpha and interferon are:

Back 29

Types of cytokines

Front 30

Which disease involves a cytokine storm?

Back 30

The 1918 flu

Front 31

How long do maternal antibodies provide protection to a baby?

Back 31

6 months

Front 32

How many different antigens can be recognized by all the B-cell receptors in the human body?

Back 32

A quadrillion (10^15)

Front 33

Which class of antibody provides the best protection from the polio virus (which replicates in the intestine)?

Back 33

IgA

Front 34

True or False: Exposure to many antigens is necessary for humans to have such a diversity of antibody receptors

Back 34

False

Front 35

How do T-cells recognize specific antigens?

Back 35

T-cells have specific receptors

Front 36

What is the role of T-helper cells in HIV infections?

Back 36

T-helper cells decrease in number over time in HIV+ individuals

Hint 36

What happens to them in a person with HIV?

Front 37

Why was variolation prohibited in England?

Back 37

The high mortality rate from people getting smallpox after variolation

Hint 37

First form of vaccination

Front 38

How many vaccines are recommended for a child to have had by the time they are 6 months old?

Back 38

19

Front 39

What is an example of passive immunization?

Back 39

Receiving antiserum for a snakebite

Front 40

What is the major problem with inactivated vaccines?

Back 40

Many are antigenically weak

Front 41

What type of vaccine is the current flu shot?

Back 41

Inactivated

Front 42

What is an antibiotic?

Back 42

Antimicrobial agents produced naturally by organisms

Front 43

What kind of antimicrobial drug should you be prescribed for a specific infection?

Back 43

A narrow-spectrum as long as you know what is causing the infection

Front 44

What is a major limitation of penicillin?

Back 44

Only cells that are forming new cell walls are sensitive to it

Front 45

B-lactamase production is an example of which type of resistance?

Back 45

Inactivation of the drug

Front 46

Where do the antibiotic resistant colonies come from?

Back 46

Acquisition of resistance genes before exposure to the drug

Front 47

How can we figure out if a microbe causes a particular disease?

Back 47

Isolate a pure culture of the microbe from a sick animal and inoculate a healthy animal

Front 48

Why do bacteria have glycocalyx?

Back 48

Protection from phagocytosis

Front 49

Of yeast, Candida albicans, and tapeworms, which (if any or all) are eukaryotes?

Back 49

All

Front 50

Which is an example of an anabolic reaction?

Back 50

Making a protein in a ribosome

Front 51

Glycolysis produces pyruvic acid. What does a microbe do with pyruvic acid?

Back 51

Electron transport chain, fermentation, and anaerobic respiration

Front 52

What is most likely to be contaminating your yogurt?

Back 52

Mold

Front 53

What is happening during the stationary phase of cell growth?

Back 53

The numbers of dead bacteria and new bacteria are equal

Front 54

What is a highly effective chemical method of controlling microbial growth?

Back 54

Ethylene oxide gas

Front 55

How can we use bacteria as factories to produce a toxin that kills insects?

Back 55

Place the DNA sequence of interest into a plasmid and insert it into a bacterium

Front 56

What kind of microbe would you use to eat through old tires that you want to get rid of?

Back 56

Chemoheterotrophs

Front 57

True or false: Viruses with high mortality rates spread quickly from person to person

Back 57

False

Front 58

Necrotizing fasciitis is most often caused by:

Back 58

Infection of a wound with Streptococcus pyogenes

Front 59

How can we measure how easily a disease spreads between people?

Back 59

Determine the basic reproduction number (R0)

Front 60

Someone with latent TB will show which signs and symptoms?

Back 60

None!

Hint 60

1. cough and pain in chest

2. caseous lesions in their lungs

3. fever and muscle pain

4. vomiting and abdominal pain

5. none

Front 61

Why was chlamydia originally thought to be a virus?

Back 61

It lives inside host cells and requires host's ATP

Front 62

A patient with yellow, dry, crumbling nails is uneffected by antibiotics. What is the diagnosis?

Back 62

An infection by a dermatophyte

Front 63

Explain why the ability of Plasmodium to infest new hosts depends on its ability to tell time

Back 63

Plasmodium gametocytes must be present in the hosts blood when mosquitos are biting

Front 64

Someone comes in with tapeworm cysts in their brain. Explain how they could have prevented this

Back 64

Avoid contact with feces containing tapeworm eggs

Front 65

Reversion is a problem with which type of vaccine?

Back 65

Attenuated

Front 66

What presents the greatest challenge in drug design?

Back 66

Viruses

Front 67

How do neutrophils act as first responders for our immune system?

Back 67

They ingest pathogens and perform extracellular killing