Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Human Anatomy
|
The study of the structure of the human body.
|
|
Physiology
|
The study of the function of the human body.
|
|
Gross anatomy
|
The study of the structure visible to the naked eye, using methods such as observation, dissection, X-rays, and MRI scans.
|
|
Surface anatomy
|
The external structure of the body, important in physical examinations
|
|
Radiologic anatomy
|
The study of the internal structure of the body, using X-rays and other medical imaging techniques.
|
|
Systemic anatomy
|
The study of one organ system at a time, taken by most intro text books
|
|
Regional anatomy
|
The study of multiple organ systems at once in a given region of the body, such as the head or chest.
|
|
Why do we use the regional perspective to study anatomy when using cadavers?
|
It is more logical to dissect all structures separately. Dissecting one system invariably destroys organs of another system that stand in the way.
|
|
Inspection
|
The simplest way to examine the human body, by looking at the body's appearance. Ex: Physical examination which involves touching and listening
|
|
Palpation
|
Feeling a structure with the hands, such as palpating a swollen lymph node or taking a pulse
|
|
Auscultation
|
Listening to the natural sounds made by the body, such as heart and lung sounds.
|
|
Percussion
|
The examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens for emitted sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid or air.
|
|
Dissection
|
The careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships.
|
|
Medical imaging
|
Methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery, it is called radiology.
|
|
Radiography (X-rays)
|
The process of photographing internal structures, with a form of high energy radiation.
|
|
Radiolucent
|
The black part of an x-ray that allows passage of the x-ray and does not absorb it.
|
|
Computed tomography CT
|
A combination of many X-rays that produces a slice of the body as a thin coin. The computer can then stack a series of images to make a 3D image of the body.
|
|
Magnetic Resonance imaging MRI
|
Used for visualizing soft tissue. It uses a magnetic field and the hydrogen atoms in tissue align themselves.
|
|
Situs inversus
|
The organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavity are reversed between right and left.
|
|
Why does dextrocardia cause serious problems?
|
It is a selective left-right reversal of the heart, and it is not complete situs inversus so it causes many problems. With only one organ switched around this means the rest of the organs must cope with the difference.
|
|
What are the levels of human structure?
|
Organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, and atoms.
|
|
Organism
|
A single, complete individual
|
|
Organ system
|
A group of organs that carry out a basic function of the organism such as circulation, respiration, or digestion.
The human body has 11 of these |
|
Organ
|
A structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out that particular function.
|
|
Tissue
|
A mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function
|
|
Cells
|
The smallest unit of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life
|
|
Organelles
|
Microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions.
|
|
Molecules
|
Organelles and other cellular components are composed of these, ex: proteins, fats, and DNA
|
|
Atoms
|
A molecule is composed of at least 2 of these, and contains subatomic particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons.
|
|
Anatomical position
|
When a person stands erect with the feet flat on the floor, arms at sides, and the palms, face and eyes facing forward.
|
|
The forearm is supinated when
|
The palms face up or anteriorly. The two bones (radius and ulna) are parallel.
|
|
The forearm is pronated when
|
They face down or posteriorly. The radius and ulna cross
|
|
Sagittal plane
|
Extends vertically and divides the body into right and left portions
|
|
Median (midsagittal) plane
|
Passes through the midline of the body and divides into equal right and left halves
|
|
Frontal (coronal) plane
|
Extends vertically, but its perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
|
|
Transverse (horizontal) plane
|
Passes across the body or an organ perpendicular to its long axis; it divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
|
|
Ventral
|
Towards the front or belly
|
|
Dorsal
|
Towards the back or spine
|
|
Anterior
|
Towards the front side
|
|
Posterior
|
Towards the back side
|
|
Cephalic
|
Towards the head or superior end
|
|
Rostral
|
Toward the forehead or nose
|
|
Caudal
|
Towards the tail or inferior end
|
|
Superior
|
Above
|
|
Inferior
|
Below
|
|
Medial
|
Towards the midsagittal plane
|
|
Lateral
|
Away from the midsagittal plane
|
|
Proximal
|
Closer to the point of attachment or origin
|
|
Distal
|
Farther from the point of attachment or origin
|
|
Superficial
|
Closer to the body surface
|
|
Deep
|
Farther from the body surface
|
|
Axial region
|
Head, neck, and trunk
|
|
Neck
|
Cervical region
|
|
Trunk
|
Thoracic and abdominal
|
|
What does the diaphragm divide?
|
The thoracic and abdominal cavity
|
|
Appendicular region
|
Upper and lower limbs
|
|
What is the order of the upper limb?
|
Arm, forearm, wrist, hand, fingers
|
|
What is the order of the lower limb?
|
Thigh, leg, ankle, foot, toes
|
|
What does the dorsal cavity consist of?
|
Cranial cavity, and vertebral cavity
|
|
What does the ventral body cavity consist of?
|
Thoracic cavity (2-Pleural cavity, Pericardial cavity), Abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity
|
|
Viscera
|
Means organ
|
|
During embryonic period a space called the ______ forms ventrally within the trunk
|
Coelom
|
|
The diaphragm then divides in two with the superior _____ and inferior ______ and both become lined with _______ membrane
|
Thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity, serious
|
|
The visceral pericardium is _______ is where in relation to the heart?
|
Next to the heart
|
|
The parietal pericardium is _____ in relation to the heart?
|
Farther from the heart
|
|
The area between the visceral and parietal pericardium is
|
Pericardial cavity
|
|
What is the serous membrane closest to the lungs called?
|
Visceral pleura
|
|
What is the serous membrane farther from the lungs called?
|
Parietal pleura
|
|
What is the area between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura called?
|
Pleural cavity
|
|
Peri means?
|
Around
|
|
What is the paritoneal cavity?
|
The space in the abdominopelvic cavity between the visceral and parietal peritoneum.
|
|
Visceral peritoneum
|
Turns inward from the body wall against the inner organs
|
|
Parietal peritoneum
|
Lines the cavity wall, anterior abdominal area
|
|
Potential spaces
|
Under normal conditions these membranes are pressed firmly together and there is no actual space between them. However, under abnormal conditions they may separate and create space filled with fluid.
|