Bsc2011 Exam 2 Review

Front 1

circulatory system

Back 1

regulates bulk flow over long distances

Front 2

true circulatory system

Back 2

contains a pump, fluid, and conduits

Front 3

open circulatory system

Back 3

simpler circulatory system with few parts, low pressure, low demand on heart

Front 4

closed circulatory system

Back 4

high pressure circulatory system, tightly controlled

Front 5

iron in hemoglobin

Back 5

used by vertebrates to carry oxygen

Front 6

hemocyanin

Back 6

used by invertebrates to carry oxygen, uses copper instead of iron

Front 7

fish

Back 7

have a single circuit and a two-chambered heart

Front 8

land vertebrates

Back 8

most of these have a three-chambered heart and two partially separated circuits

Front 9

mammals

Back 9

have a four chambered heart and two fully separated circuits

Front 10

right

Back 10

this side of the mammalian heart pumps to the lungs

Front 11

left

Back 11

this side of the mammalian heart pumps to the rest of the body

Front 12

right ventricle

Back 12

right atria->

Front 13

lungs

Back 13

right ventricle->

Front 14

left atria

Back 14

lungs->

Front 15

left ventricle

Back 15

left atria->

Front 16

systemic tissues

Back 16

left ventricle->

Front 17

diastole

Back 17

phase that ends in the contraction of the atria

Front 18

systole

Back 18

phase where ventricles contract

Front 19

diastole

Back 19

period in which ventricles fill with blood

Front 20

systole

Back 20

period in which pressure forces open the aortic and pulmonary valves

Front 21

pacemaker potential

Back 21

in the heart, a slow, positive increase in voltage across the cell membrane that occurs at the end of one action potential and before the next, coordinating contraction

Front 22

waves of depolarization

Back 22

causes electrical potentials on the skin that can be measured by EKGs

Front 23

autonomic nervous system

Back 23

regulates total flow, or cardiac output

Front 24

autonomic nervous system

Back 24

tightly regulates heart rate

Front 25

blood pressure

Back 25

equal to resistance times flow rate

Front 26

flow rate

Back 26

constant along the full length of the circuit

Front 27

smooth muscle

Back 27

responsible for changing blood vessel diameter

Front 28

vessel diameter

Back 28

changed to help distribute blood flow

Front 29

vasodilation

Back 29

in blood vessels, increases flow

Front 30

vasoconstriction

Back 30

in blood vessels, decreases flow

Front 31

capillaries

Back 31

vessels that exchange small molecules with tissues

Front 32

venuous return

Back 32

rate of blood flow back to the heart, regulated by one-way valves

Front 33

artery

Back 33

vessel that evens out pressure from heart and distributes blood

Front 34

arteriole

Back 34

high-resistance vessels that regulate flow into specific capillaries

Front 35

vein

Back 35

returns blood to heart and stores blood volume

Front 36

venule

Back 36

a small vein that collects blood from the capillaries

Front 37

two elastin layers

Back 37

found in arteries, but not in veins

Front 38

acetylcholine

Back 38

alters membrane potentials in pacemaker cells

Front 39

40

Back 39

blow _____ mmHg partial pressure of O2, hemoglobin releases oxygen

Front 40

2,000,000

Back 40

number of cells produced by your bone marrow in one second

Front 41

myogenic

Back 41

the heart can beat on its own without nervous stimulation, so it is ______

Front 42

cardiac muscle

Back 42

muscles specialized for pumping blood

Front 43

skeletal muscle

Back 43

muscles specialized for rapid and voluntary contraction

Front 44

smooth muscle cell

Back 44

muscles specialized for slow, efficient, involuntary control

Front 45

excitation–contraction coupling

Back 45

In a muscle cell, the process by which electrical excitation of the cell membrane leads to contractile activity by actin and myosin

Front 46

titin

Back 46

A giant, elongated, elastic protein molecule that in a striated muscle cell spans an entire half-sarcomere from the M band to the Z line

Front 47

innervate

Back 47

to provide neural input

Front 48

myosin

Back 48

muscle protein that controls the interactions of actin and myosin necessary for muscle contraction

Front 49

excitable

Back 49

capable of generating an action potential

Front 50

peristalsis

Back 50

Wavelike muscular contractions proceeding along a tubular organ, propelling the contents along the tube

Front 51

catch

Back 51

A state in which some invertebrate muscles maintain a state of contraction over extended periods of time with minimal energy expenditure

Front 52

troponin

Back 52

another muscle protein that controls the interactions of actin and myosin necessary for muscle contraction

Front 53

action potential

Back 53

An impulse in a neuron taking the form of a brief, local, high-amplitude depolarization of the cell membrane

Front 54

sarcoplasm

Back 54

cytoplasm of a muscle cell

Front 55

sliding-filament theory

Back 55

based on the formation and breaking of crossbridges between actin and myosin filaments, causing the filaments to slide past each other

Front 56

synapse

Back 56

point of contact for nerves

Front 57

neuromuscular junction

Back 57

Synapse where a motor neuron axon stimulates a muscle fiber

Front 58

antagonistic muscle pair

Back 58

two muscles that perform coordinated opposing actions

Front 59

tendon

Back 59

a collagen-containing band of tissue connecting muscle to bone

Front 60

sarcomere

Back 60

the contractile unit of a muscle cell

Front 61

fast glycolytic cells

Back 61

Muscle cells that are highly dependent on ATP production by anaerobic glycolysis

Front 62

myoglobin

Back 62

oxygen-binding molecule found in red muscle cells

Front 63

slow oxidative

Back 63

Skeletal muscle cells specialized for sustained, relatively low-intensity, aerobic work

Front 64

myosin filaments

Back 64

Bundles of linked myosin molecules. Also called thick filaments

Front 65

excitation

Back 65

In the study of muscle, the event in which a nerve impulse arrives at a neuromuscular junction and initiates an action potential in the cell membrane of a muscle cell

Front 66

t-tubules

Back 66

Conduct electrical excitation into the interior of the muscle cell to trigger contraction

Front 67

asynchronous muscle

Back 67

muscle in which each excitation results in multiple contractions

Front 68

smooth muscle

Back 68

Muscle tissue consisting of small, mononucleated muscle cells innervated by the autonomic nervous system

Front 69

cross-bridges

Back 69

During muscle contraction, the links formed when the globular heads of myosin filaments bind to specific sites on actin filaments

Front 70

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 70

the ER of a muscle cell

Front 71

actin filaments

Back 71

Chains of linked actin molecules, also called thin filaments

Front 72

myofibril

Back 72

A long, longitudinally oriented component of a striated muscle cell that consists of a series of sarcomeres and extends the length of the cell

Front 73

myosin

Back 73

muscle filament connected to the M-band

Front 74

actin

Back 74

muscle filament connected to the Z-line

Front 75

titin

Back 75

muscle filament that runs from z-line to z-line

Front 76

thin filaments

Back 76

composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin

Front 77

calcium

Back 77

binds to troponin, exposing myosin binding sites

Front 78

myosin binding sites

Back 78

myosin 'docks' here, pulling on actin to shorten the sarcomere

Front 79

motor neurons

Back 79

efficient somatic neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles

Front 80

calcium

Back 80

action potentials in the t-tubules trigger the SR to release _______

Front 81

intercalated discs

Back 81

mechanically connect adjacent cardiac cells

Front 82

gap junctions

Back 82

allow action potentials to move between adjacent cardiac cells, have gaps that allow the diffusion of small molecules between adjacent cells

Front 83

pacemaker cells

Back 83

endogenously create action potentials

Front 84

unbind

Back 84

myosin uses ATP to _____ to myosin