Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Polymer or monomer?
Polysaccharide lipid (fat) protein, nucleic acid |
POLYMER
|
|
Polymer or momomer?
Monosaccharide glycerol and fatty acid, amino acid, nucleotide |
MONOMER
|
|
Metabolism is broken down into what two parts?
|
CATABOLISM AND ANABOLISM
|
|
In metabolism, this is the degradative pathways, usually energy-yielding.
|
CATABOLISM
|
|
In metabolism, this is the biosynthetic pathways, it usually requires energy.
|
ANABOLISM
|
|
Genetic basis of appetite
What is the "appetite" hormone, a genetic mutation which causes the brain to feel full. |
LEPTIN
|
|
Hormonal regulation of hunger
This is the peptide hormone which is produced in the stomach lining and signals hunger. |
GHRELIN
|
|
Physiological regulation of hunger
This is the peptide hormone which is produced by fat tissues and signals that you are full |
LEPTIN
|
|
What cells make leptin?
|
ADIPOSE (FAT)
ACTS ON THE PART OF THE BRAIN THAT DEALS WITH APPETITE, STOP EATING WHEN FULL PROBABLY NOT FUNCTIONING IN THE OBESE |
|
This is produced by the brain and stomach cells, which sparks the feeling of hunger
|
GHRELIN
SPRAKS FEELING OF HUNGER WHEN A PERSON'S STOMACH IS EMPTY, LEVEL FALLS AFTER MEAL |
|
What is the hunger center of the brain?
|
HYPOTHALAMUS
|
|
Appetite control
What is needed to switch off the mechanism in the brain that tells you to stop eating? |
LEPTIN
|
|
Appetite control
This sends a signal that you are hungry. |
GHRELIN
|
|
What is a normal BMI?
|
20-25
|
|
What is an overweight BMI?
|
25-30
|
|
What is an obese BMI?
|
OVER 30
|
|
These genes enable individuals to efficiently collect and process food to deposit fat during periods of food abundance.
|
THRIFTY GENES HYPOTHESIS
|
|
What type of surgery restricts consumption, but does not cause malnutrition?
|
LAP BAND
|
|
What are some complications associated with gastric bypass surgery?
|
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
FORM A DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS |
|
Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?
|
SALIVARY GLANDS
MOISTEN FOOD AND SUPPLT ENZYMES |
|
What are the two types of carbohydrates?
|
SIMPLE- GLUCOSE (POP, CANDY)
COMPLEX- PASTA, BREAD, RICE |
|
Polysaccharide (carbohydrate)
What kind of carb is plants? |
STARCH
|
|
Polysaccharide (carbohydrate)
What kind of carb is animals? |
GLYCOGEN
|
|
Polysaccharide (carbohydrate)
What kind of carb is cellulose? |
PLANT CELL WALLS
|
|
Condensation is also a form of ----
|
DEHYDRATION
|
|
Hyrdolosis is also a form of -----
|
HYDRATION
|
|
Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?
|
SALIVARY GLANDS
MOISTENS FOOD AND SUPPLIES ENZYMES |
|
This is another name for two linked sugar units.
|
DISACCHARIDES
|
|
This sugar is glucose + fructose.
|
SUCROSE
TABLE SUGAR |
|
This sugar is glucose + galactose.
|
MILK SUGAR
FOUND IN MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS |
|
This sugar is glucose + glucose.
|
MALTOSE
FOUND IN CEREAL GRAINS PRODUCT OF STARCH BREAKDOWN |
|
This is is a single sugar unit.
|
MONOSACCHARIDE
|
|
This sugar is found in fruits, vegetables and honey. It's also a "blood sugar"
|
GLUCOSE
USED FOR ENERGY |
|
This sugar is called a fruit sugar, found in fruits, honey and corn syrup
|
FRUCTOSE
|
|
This sugar is found as part of lactose in milk.
|
GALACTOSE
|
|
This type of fiber is found in fruits, oats, barley and delays glucose absorption and lowers blood cholesterol.
|
SOLUBLE
|
|
This type of fiber is found in wheat bran, whole grain breads and vegetables and it increases fecal weight, slows starch hydrolosis and delays glucose absorption.
|
INSOLUBLE
|
|
This is an outpoching of mucus through a week point in muscle layer of bowel wall that:
gets impacted with feces |
DIVERTICULOSIS
|
|
This is an outpoching of mucus through a week point in muscle layer of bowel wall that:
gets inflammed |
DIVERTICULITIS
|
|
This is a structure of the cell membrane used for energy storage and isulation.
|
LIPIDS
|
|
This process is used to extend the life of fats and oils in food and products. Healthful polyunsaturated fatty acids are removed.
|
HYDROGENATION
|
|
Fats can also be synthesized in the diet from --- and ----
|
CARBOHYDRATES AND PROTEIN
|
|
Where is bile produced?
|
SMALL INTESTINE
|
|
This type of protein is complete and containe essential amino acids
|
ANIMAL (MEATS AND DAIRY)
|
|
This type of protein is incomplete and needs a combination in order to meet requirements
|
VEGETABLE (BEANS, NUTS)
|
|
What are the two types of amino acids?
|
NONESSENTIAL: CAN BE MADE BY BODY
ESSENTIAL: MUST BE FOUND IN THE DIET |
|
This type of bond is any band joining two amino acids.
|
PEPTIDE BAND
|
|
How much protein must men and women between the ages of 19-49 take in?
|
MEN: 55.5 G
WOMEN: 45.0 G |
|
This body type is generally referred to as round or pear shaped, fatty upper arms, thin wrists, wide hips, narrow shoulders and fatty thighs.
|
EXTREME EN D OMORPH
|
|
This body type is muscular, broad shoulders, strong forearms and thigs, narrow hips, often referred to as an inverted triangle shape.
|
EXTREME MESO M ORPH
|
|
This body types is oftern referred to as skinny, narrow face and high forehead, narrow shoulders, thin/narrow chest and abs, slim hips and long limbs.
|
EXTREME EC T OMORPH
|
|
This is a thick mixture of food and gastric fluid, high acidity kills many pathogens, mixed and moved by waves of stomach contractions.
|
CHYME
|
|
The stomach secretes this type of acid, also called HCI.
|
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
|
|
This produced secretions from the liver.
|
DUODENUM
|
|
What elmucifies fat and causes fat droplets to disperse as water?
|
BILE
|
|
A villus contains a what- lymphatic capilarry that absorbs dietary fat.
|
LACTEAL
|
|
Rapid weight loss regain is associated with what type of diet?
|
VERY LOW CALORIE DIET
|
|
All adults should aim for how many minutes of moderate exercise how many times a week for general health?
|
30 MINUTES, 5 DAYS A WEEK
|
|
Surgery for the obese reduces what, which is a hormone made in the stomach.
|
GHRELIN, SIGNALS HUNGER
|
|
The digestion of fat occurs mainly in the what?
|
SMALL INTESTINE
|
|
Acid that is released by the stomach is called what
|
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
|
|
Ftas are digested by what enzyme?
|
LIPASE
|
|
Lipids can serve in what?
|
EZNYMES
|
|
The digestion of proteins begins where?
|
STOMACH
|
|
Monosaccharides, glycerol/fatty acids and amino acids are all types of what?
|
MONOMERS
|
|
Large molecules, like carbohydrates, fats and protein are all types of what?
|
POLYMERS
|
|
In metabolism, what part requires energy?
|
ANABOLISM
|
|
In metabolism, what part yields energy?
|
CATABOLISM
|
|
What breaks down nutrietns and provides the active site or reactant?
|
ENZYME
|
|
What is the name of the hormone made by fat that reports to the brain and knows how much fat we have?
|
LEPTIN
|
|
This gene tells the brain when we're full
|
MC4R
OBESE PEOPLE MAY HAVE DEFECTIVE GENE |
|
This hormone signals hunger.
|
GHRELIN
PRODUCED IN THE STOMACH LINING |
|
This hormone signals that we are full.
|
LEPTIN
PRODUCED BY FAT TISSUE |
|
The process of breaking down polymers produces what?
|
MONOMERS
|
|
This hormone allows us to get through the day without food.
|
GLUCAGON
|
|
This process builds up proteins and requires energy.
|
ANABOLISM (CONDESNATION, DEHYDRATION)
|
|
This process yields energy.
|
CATABOLISM (HYDROLOSIS, HYDRATION)
|
|
How much calcium should women get on a daily basis to avoid osteoporosis?
|
800-1000 MG/DAY
|
|
Where is the first side of carb digestion?
|
SALIVARY GLANDS
|
|
What is the product of proteins (protase)?
|
AMINO ACIDS
|
|
What is fat + bile?
|
ALMUCIFIED FAT (LIPIDS)
|
|
What are lipids (lipase) composed of?
|
FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL
|
|
What wre polysaccharides and amylase (maltese)?
|
MATOSE
|
|
The large intestine is used for what?
|
DIGESTION
NUTRIENT DIGESTION ALREADY COMPLETE SOME DIGESTION BY BACTERIA |
|
What are some accessory organs of the digestive tract?
|
SALIVARY GLANDS
LIVER PANCREAS GALL BLADDER |
|
What produces and stores bile?
|
LIVER AND GALL BLADDER
|
|
What taps into stored glucose?
|
GLUCAGON
|
|
What is stored glucose called?
|
GLYCOGEN (STORED SUGAR_
|
|
Which vitamins are also antioxidants?
|
A, C, E AND BETA CAROTENE
|
|
What is a free radical?
|
WHAT TO BALANCE THE OUTER SHELL, STEAL FROM OTHER MOLECULES
DAMAGE DNA UNSTABLE, REACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF CELL METABOLIS, DAMAGE CELL PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACID |
|
How many pounds of minerals does our body contain?
|
4.4
|
|
What are polysaccharides, lipids and proteins examples of?
|
POLYMERS
|
|
What hormonal regulator of hunger signals the brain that you are full?
|
LEPTIN
|
|
What hormonal regulator of hunger signals the brain that you are hungry?
|
GHRELIN
|
|
Define the thrifty gene hypothesis.
|
INDIVIDULAS COLLECT AND PROCESS FOOD TO DEPOST FAT DURING PERIODS OF FOOD ABUNDANCE, ALTHOUGH AMERICANS ALWAYS HAVE A SCARCITY NEVER OCCURS
|
|
What is the total number of calories a male should consume daily?
|
2450
|
|
What makes the hormone leptin?
|
ADIPOSE
|
|
What is the first site of carbohydrate digestion?
|
SALIVARY GLANDS (MOUTH)
|
|
What enzyme helps break down carbohydrates?
|
SALIVARY AMYLASE
|
|
What is the first site of proetien digestion?
|
STOMACH
|
|
Which enzyme helps break down protein?
|
PEPSIN
|
|
What is the first site of fat digestion?
|
SMALL INTESTINE
|
|
Which enzyme helps break down fats?
|
LIPASE
|
|
What are the two products of fat digestion?
|
FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL
|
|
The different types of vitams are ---- and ----- soluble.
|
WATER AND FAT SOLUBLE
|
|
B and C vitamins are examples of what?
|
WATER SOLUBLE
|
|
A,D,E AND K vitamins are examples of what?
|
FAT SOLUBL
|
|
An individual can receive fat soluble vitamins from what kinds of food?
|
MEAT, DAIRY EGG YOLKS
|
|
If an inidividual takes in too much of a water soluble vitamins, the surplus can be eliminated through -----
|
URINE
|
|
Unstable, highly reactive byproducts of cell respiration that can damage call proteins and nucleic acids are called --- ---
|
FREE RADICALS
|
|
An example of a MacroMineral, more than 100 mg/day needed is:
|
SODIUM
|
|
An exmample of a MicroMineral, less than 20 mg/day, is
|
IODINE
|
|
--- makes up 60-70% of a person's body weight
|
WATER
|
|
Over 95% of all ulcers are due to --- ---- bacteria
|
HELIOVBACTER PYLORI
|
|
Hepatitis A attacks which organ of the body?
|
LIVER
CAUSES IT TO SWEEL AND KEEPS IT FROM FUNCTIONING PROPERLY |
|
Which of the following can be caught by eating raw or undercooked poultry or meat?
|
CAMPYLOBACTERIA
ECHERICHIA COLI |
|
---- is the most common food poisoining.
|
STAPHYLOCAL
|
|
--- cases the most food related deaths
|
SALMONELLA
|
|
Over half of all child death is due to dehydration caused by ----
|
DIRREHEA
|
|
--- --- is caused by ingesting unfamiliar bacteria.
|
TRAVELER'S DIRREHEA
|
|
Which metabolism process requires energy? Which process yields energy?
|
PROCESS- ANABOLISM
YIELD- CATOBOLISM |
|
What is one complication of gastric bypass surgery?
|
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
|
|
Disaccharides are what?
|
TWO LINKED SUGAR UNITS
|
|
Sucrose is a combination of what two sugar units?
|
GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE
|
|
Lactose is a combination of what two sugar units?
|
GLUCOSE AND GALACTOSE
|
|
Maltose is a combination of what two sugar units?
|
GLUCOSE AND GLUCOSE
|
|
What are te three types of monosaccharides?
|
GLUCOSE
FRUCTOSE GALACTOSE |
|
The monomers of fat are --- and ---.
|
GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS
|
|
--- fat is liquid at room temp and is from veggie sources
|
UNSATURATED
|
|
--- fat is solid at room temp and is from animal sources
|
SATURATED
|
|
What is required fatty acid that you must get from your diet and that has a cholesterol lowering effect?
|
LIHOLIC ACID
|
|
Lipoprotein = ---- + ----
|
PROTEIN AND LIPID
|
|
Where is bile produced and what does it do?
|
LIVER, INCREASES SURFACE AREA SO THAT FAT CAN BE ACTED ON BY LIPASE
|
|
What are the three different body types?
|
ENDOMORPH
MESOMORPH ECTOMORPH |
|
What is chyme
|
MIXTURE OF FOOS AND GASTRIC FLUID
|
|
What is the acidity of stomach acid?
|
2.0
|
|
What is the first site of protein digestion?
|
STOMACH
|
|
What is the role of the esophegal or cardiac sphincter?
|
REGULATE THE PASSAGE OF FOOD INTO THE STOMACH
|
|
What is the role of the pyloric sphincter?
|
REGULATE THE PASSAGE OF CHYME INTO THE SMALL INTESTINE
|
|
The --- ---- is the main site of chemical digestion and absorption
|
SMALL INTESTINE
|
|
The pancreas producdes --- which neutralizes chyme/acid and ---- including lipase and amylase.
|
SODIUM BICARBONATES
ENZYMES |
|
The main function of the large inetestine is:
|
ABSORPTION OF WATER
|
|
Villus contain a ---- which is a lumphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fat.
|
LACTEAL
|
|
The liver ---- bile and the gall bladder --- bile
|
PRODUCES
STORES |
|
The --- ---- is the main site of chemical digestion and absorption
|
SMALL INTESTINE
|
|
The pancreas producdes --- which neutralizes chyme/acid and ---- including lipase and amylase.
|
SODIUM BICARBONATES
ENZYMES |
|
The main function of the large inetestine is:
|
ABSORPTION OF WATER
|
|
Villus contain a ---- which is a lumphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fat.
|
LACTEAL
|
|
The liver ---- bile and the gall bladder --- bile
|
PRODUCES
STORES |