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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Steps to DNA synthesis (making proteins) |
1. Transcription: a copy of DNA molecule is made (RNA) 2. Translation: RNA travels to ribosomes and gives instructions |
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Steps to DNA Transcription |
Initiation: enzyme binds to promotor region on DNA Elongation: transcription bubble opens up, RNA nucleotides are added Termination: stop codon stops the transcription |
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Steps to DNA Translation |
Initiation: mRNA binds to ribosome and tRNA maches up with the mRNA at the start codon Elongation: anticodons of tRNA match up with mRNA codons and the ribosome slides down the mRNA, reading codons and producing amino acids Termination: elongation continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon |
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mRNA |
messenger RNA |
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tRNA |
transfer RNA the interpreter carries amino acids from cytoplasm and matches them up to the RNA codons using anticodons |
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anticodon |
area that maches up with codons |
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introns and exons |
introns: nonsense regions of DNA exons: useful regions of DNA |
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Where do DNA translation and transcription occur? |
translation: the nucleus transcription: the cytoplasm |
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Base substitution |
a mutation with one simple substitute on both sides of the DNA results in an abnormal protein |
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Insertions/deletions |
a nucleotide is missing or added results in more serious effects because the entire DNA strand is altered |
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Bacteriophages (AKA phages) |
viruses that infect bacteria cells |
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Lysogenic cycle |
A bacteriophage (virus) injects DNA into bacteria and the DNA forms its own circular chromosome the chromosome attaches to the bacterium chromosome and divides with it during reproduction dormant doesn't trigger any symptoms |
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Lytic cycle |
A bacteriophage (virus) injects its DNA into bacterium and DNA forms its own circular chromosome the virus DNA tells the bacteria to assemble more viruses triggers lysis (rupture) of bacteria cell |
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Biotechnology |
make use of organisms to perform practical tasks |
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Recombinant DNA |
DNA that has been genetically modified |
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Transgenic animals |
Animals that contain recombinant DNA and are genetically modified |
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Plasmids |
small pieces of DNA separate from regular DNA |
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
technique used to reproduce DNA quickly and precisely uses heating and cooling method to separate strands and make copies |
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Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis |
STRs (repetitive sequences in DNA) contain unique numbers of repeats for each person Analysis of STRs can help us differentiate between the DNA of two or more people |
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Gel Electrophoresis |
Electrical current is run through gel, which pulls DNA fragments down to the bottom. Shorter pieces travel further down, while longer pieces get stuck at the top. This separates the fragments and allows for analysis |
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Proteomics |
systematic study of the full set of proteins found in organisms |
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Natural selection |
individuals with certain heritable traits leave more offspring than others, resulting in organisms that change over generations, AKA evolutionary adaptation |
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Lamark and Lyell |
Lamark: first to suggest that organisms adapt Lyell: proposed the idea of slow processes on the earth's surface |
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Voyage of the Beagle |
Darwin's trip around the world where he collected thousands of specimens and developed his theory of natural selection |
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Descent with Modification |
1. Organisms descended from ancestral species 2. natural selection modified these organisms into what they are today |
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Biogeography |
study of geographic distribution of species |
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Evidence for Evolution |
1. The fossil record 2. Biogeography 3. Comparative anatomy 4. Comparative embryology 5. Molecular biology |
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Population |
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same space at the same time |
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The gene pool |
all alleles of all individuals making up a population |
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Hardy-Weinberg formula |
Formula that takes the all the phenotypes of a population, and uses it to figure out all the genotypes of a population Only describes a nonevolving population that is in genetic equilibrium p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 |
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Genetic drift |
change in the gene pool of a small population due to chance |
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Bottleneck effect |
results from drastic reduction in population size due to a natural disaster or the like usually reduces genetic variation |
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Founder effect |
genetic drift in a new colony |
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Directional selection |
shifts a phenotypic curve in one direction or another One extreme phenotype is favored |
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Disruptive selection |
shifts a phenotypic curve out in two directions favors two opposite extremes of a phenotype |
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Stabilizing selection |
maintains a variation for a phenotype within a narrow range |
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Ecology |
study of interactions between organisms and their environments |
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Abiotic factors |
nonliving factors Sunlight Water Temperature Wind Rocks/soil Periodic disturbances |
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Trophic structure |
the food chain 1. Autotrophs/producers 2. Primary level 3. Secondary level 4. Tertiary level 5. Quaternary level |
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Ecological niche |
sum of a species' use of biotic and abiotic resources in its environment AKA their ecological role |
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Resource partitioning |
when two competing species have the same niche, and one species adapts to use other resources in order to survive |
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Cryptic coloration vs. warning coloration |
cryptic: camouflage warning: bright coloring that signals the animal is poisonous |
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Batesian mimicry vs. Mullerian mimicry |
Batesian: prey animals mimic the appearance of dangerous predators Mullerian: two or more dangerous animals mimic each other for mutual benefit |
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Ecological succession |
process of community change after a disturbance |
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Primary succession vs. secondary succession |
Primary: left with lifeless area with no soil Secondary: the soil is still there |
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Biomass |
amount of organic material in an ecosystem |
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Biogeochemical cycles |
EX: the carbon cycle, the water cycle each circuit must have a abiotic reservoir some parts can rely completely on geological processes some chemicals require processing before they are available to organisms |
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Major Biomes |
Tropical forest Savanna Desert Chaparral Temperate grassland Temperate deciduous forest Coniferous forest Tundra |
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Oceanic biome zones |
Intertidal Photic Aphotic Pelagic (open ocean) Benthic (hydrothermic vents at sea floor) |
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Estuaries |
where freshwater stream/river merges with the ocean |
