Bsc 108 Exam 1

Front 1

6 Requirements for something to be alive...

Back 1

1. Regulation

2. Growth and development

3. Energy Utilization

4. Response to the environment

5. Evolution

6. Reproduction

Front 2

Taxonomy

Back 2

branch of biology that names and classifies species

Front 3

The 3 domains of life

Back 3

bacteria (prokaryotic cells)

archaea (prokaryotic cells)

eukarya (eukaryotic cells and everything else)

Front 4

The 4 Eukarya kingdoms

Back 4

Plantae

Fungi

Animalia

Protista

Front 5

Atomic number

Back 5

number of protons in an element

Front 6

Mass number

Back 6

number of protons plus neutrons in an element

Front 7

Isotope

Back 7

alternate formats of elements

have same number of protons and electrons

but different number of neutrons

Front 8

Ions

Back 8

an atom that has lost or gained electrons and becomes charged

Front 9

Ionic bonds

Back 9

formed between oppositely charged ions

Front 10

Covalent bonds

Back 10

formed between two atoms that share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons

Front 11

Hydrogen bonds

Back 11

electrons in the covalent bonds are shared unequally

this gives the molecule polarity (slightly different charges on either end)

Front 12

Properties of water

Back 12

Cohesive: molecules stick together, surface tension

Moderates temperature: absorbs large amounts of heat while only changing a few degrees in temperature

Floating ice: ice density is lower than water

Solvent versatility

Front 13

Acid

Back 13

a chemical compound that donates H+ ions to solutions

Front 14

Base

Back 14

a chemical compound that accepts H+ ions and removes them from a solution

Front 15

Buffers

Back 15

substances that resist pH change

Front 16

4 categories of large molecules

Back 16

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Front 17

Monosaccharides

Back 17

simple sugars

glucose, fructose

Front 18

Disaccharides

Back 18

double sugars

2 monosaccharides put together

lactose, sucrose

Front 19

Hydrophilic

Back 19

dissolve readily in water

Front 20

Hydrophobic

Back 20

Do no dissolve in water and avoid it

Front 21

Polysaccharides

Back 21

long chains of sugar units

starch, cellulose

Front 22

Triglyceride

Back 22

fat

combo of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

used for energy storage, cushioning, insulation

Front 23

Saturated vs. Unsaturated fatty acids

Back 23

Saturated: have the max number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons

Unsaturated: have less than the max number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons

Front 24

Steroids

Back 24

lipid

carbon skeleton bent to form 4 fused rings

EX: cholesterol, sex hormones

Front 25

Protein

Back 25

polymer constructed from amino acid monomers

perform most tasks the body needs to function

Front 26

Amino acids

Back 26

central carbon atom bonded to 4 covalent partners

building blocks for protein

all proteins constructed from same 20 amino acids

Front 27

Peptide bond

Back 27

amino acids linked together by dehydration reactions

Front 28

4 structure levels of protein

Back 28

Primary: sequence of amino acids

Secondary: how the chain bends/folds

Tertiary: how chain continues to bend/fold

Quaternary structure: several polypeptides form one single protein

Front 29

Denaturation

Back 29

a protein loses its shape due to poor environmental factors such as temperature and pH

Front 30

Nucleic Acids

Back 30

store information

provide directions for building protein

DNA, RNA

polymers of nucleotides

Front 31

The 4 DNA nucleotide bases

Back 31

Adenine

Guanine

Thymine

Cytosine

Front 32

Cell theory

Back 32

all living things are composed of cells

all cells are formed from previously existing cells

Front 33

Magnification vs. Resolving power

Back 33

Magnification: increase in apparent size

Resolving power: ability to show two objects as different from each other

Front 34

Ribosomes

Back 34

responsible for making proteins

Front 35

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Back 35

produces a variety of molecules

rough: has ribosomes, produces membrane proteins and new membrane

smooth: produces lipids, steroids, detoxes

Front 36

Golgi Apparatus

Back 36

Works with the ER

refines, stores, distributes chemical products of the cell

Front 37

Lysosomes

Back 37

membrane-enclosed sac that contains enzymes and break down food

Front 38

Cytoskeleton

Back 38

network of fibers/proteins that maintain/change cell shape and provide infrastructure

Front 39

ATP

Back 39

adenosine plus a tail of 3 phosphate groups

broken down into ADP to release energy

Front 40

Enzymes

Back 40

reduce the amount of activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction

Front 41

Induced fit

Back 41

when enzymes fit their very specific shape into the specific empty space on an active site

Front 42

Hypertonic

Back 42

higher concentration of solute than water

Front 43

Hypotonic

Back 43

higher concentration of water than solute

Front 44

isotonic solution

Back 44

equal levels of water and solute

Front 45

Exocytosis

Back 45

substances secreted out of the cell

Front 46

Endocytosis

Back 46

materials taken into the cell

Front 47

Phagocytosis

Back 47

cellular eating

Front 48

Pinocytosis

Back 48

cellular drinking