Bsc 1010 Final

Front 1

A modified form ofcellulose found in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans is known as:

A. chitin

B. starch

C. amylose

D. glycogen

Back 1

A. Chitin

Front 2

3. These biologicalcompounds are non-polar and insoluble in water:

A. lipids

B. proteins

C. carbohydrates

D. nucleic acids

Back 2

A. Lipids

Front 3

Components of Nucleic Acids

Back 3

Five Carbon sugars

phosphate group

organic nitrogen containing base

phosphodiester bonds

Front 4

Fructose and galactose bothhave six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms and six oxygen atoms, just likeglucose. A friend of yours says: "Since those sugars have the same numberof atoms, they should have the same name." You answer: "While they dohave the same number and type of atoms,

A. they are all polysaccharides and haveslightly different functions within organisms and therefore have differentnames."

B. they are named differently because oftheir quaternary structures, which is very important in carbohydrates,especially glucose."

C. they are named differently because whenheated above their optimal temperature they become denatured and will not reactwith their substrates."

D. they are named differently because theyare involved in different DNA nucleotide formation."

E. theyare named differently because they are alternate forms of the monosaccharide,glucose."

Back 4

E. they are named differently because they are alternate forms of the monosaccharide, glucose

Front 5

The types of bonds found innucleic acids are: A. phosphodiester bonds.

B. peptide bonds.

C. ionic bonds.

D. non-polar covalent bonds.

Back 5

A. Phosphodiester Bonds

Front 6

What is the difference inthe bonding between alpha-helix and beta sheets?

A. Hydrogen bonding between the amides onlyoccurs in one of these two types of secondary structures.

B. Hydrogenbonding occurs between the amides of adjacent chains in the sheets insteadof between the amides in different parts of the helices.

C. Sulfur bridges allow the spring like turnsin alpha helices and van der Waals dispersion allows the folds in betasheets.

D. Hydrogen bonding always occurs in thealpha helices but only occurs in parallel beta sheets.

Back 6

B. Hydrogen bonding occurs between the amides of adjacent chains in the sheets instead of between the amides in different parts of the helices.

Front 7

Nitrogen and Carbon are common to

Back 7

All organic Molecules

Front 8

Fuels such as gasoline are nonpolar and high in energy because they are largely composedof _____________

Back 8

Hydrocarbon

Front 9

________ serve as important energy stores and is a major component of ______________

Back 9

Lipids;

Plasma Membranes

Front 10

The functional group -COOH has acidic properties and would release __________ in anaqueous (water) solution

Back 10

hydrogen ions

Front 11

The peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall contains ___________________

Back 11

a carbohydrate matrix linked together by short chains of amino acids.

Front 12

Nuclear pores apparently permit the passage of only proteins _____________, but RNAonly ___________.

Back 12

only proteins inward and outward, but RNAonly outward.

Front 13

______________ are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contain _________.

Back 13

Mitochondria and chloroplasts;

DNA

Front 14

43. You haveidentified an enzyme that appears to be involved in the addition of palmitylgroup (a fatty acid) to certain proteins. Knowing that palmitoylated proteinsare usually targeted for delivery to the plasma membrane, in which organellesmight this enzyme be expressed?

A. Golgi apparatus and ER

B. Golgi apparatus and nucleus

C. ER and ribosomes

D. ER and nucleus

Back 14

A. Golgi and ER

Front 15

12. Schleidenand Schwann stated the "cell theory," which in its modern formsays:

A. allcells will arise spontaneously, all cells require oxygen and all cells arecomposed of one or more cells.

B. all organisms are composedof one or more cells, all cells are the smallest living things and allcells arise by division of other cells.

C. allorganisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells require oxygen and allcells arise by division of other cells.

D. allorganisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells arisespontaneously and all cells vary in size and shape

Back 15

B. all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells are the smallest living things and all cells arise by division of other cells.

Front 16

The most accurate endomembrane route through which a protein is secreted from a cell is

Back 16

rough endoplasmic reticulum> Golgi apparatus> vesicles> plasma membrane.

Front 17

A match of structures and functions could include

Back 17

-cytoskeleton-microfilaments

nucleus-DNA replication,

cell membrane-lipid bilayer,

and Golgi apparatus-modification, processing, and sorting of macromolecules.

Front 18

______________ is responsible for the biosynthesis of proteins that are destinedfor secretion by the cell.

Back 18

Endoplasmic reticulum

Front 19

Tissues such as the gonads that produce steroids are likely to be rich in ______________.

Back 19

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Front 20

A description of ribosome biosynthesis and structure could include the followinginformation:

Back 20

ribosomes are composed of two subunits of RNA and proteins

and ribosomal proteins are produced in the cytosol

Front 21

4. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane in response to theconcentration of one or more of the ______.

A. solutes

B. membranes

C. compartments

D. cells

Back 21

A. solutes

Front 22

Membrane proteins are not very soluble in water, because they possess long stretches of nonpolar amino acids that are _________________________.

Back 22

hydrophobic

Front 23

The cell's transactions with the environment mediated by its plasma membrane include:

Back 23

ingesting food as molecules and sometimes as entire cells,

returning waste and other molecules back to the environment,

responding to a host of chemical cues, and passing of messages to other cells.

Front 24

On the outer surface of theplasma membrane there are marker molecules that identify the cell type. Oftenthese molecules are A. ATP.

B. amino acids.

C. nucleotides.

D. carbohydratechains.

E. inorganic ions.

Back 24

D. carbohydrate chains

Front 25

The part of a membraneprotein that extends through the phospholipid bilayer is primarily composed ofamino acids that are

A. highly polar.

B. negatively charged.

C. non-polar.

D. positively charged.

E. water soluble.

Back 25

C. non-polar

Front 26

Functions of a typical plasma membrane include

Back 26

transport of water and bulk material, selective transport of certain molecules and material, reception of information, and expression of cellular identity

Front 27

In bacteria,fungi, and plants the high internal pressure generated by osmosis iscounteracted by the mechanical strength of their A. plasma membranes.

B. organelles.

C. cytoskeletons.

D. cellwalls.

Back 27

D. cell walls

Front 28

The actual transport ofprotons by the proton pump is mediated by a transmembrane protein whichundergoes a change in its

A. conformation.

B. amino acid sequence.

C. net charge.

D. solubility.

E. immunity.

Back 28

A. conformation

Front 29

Organisms with a cell wallcannot carry out

A. exocytosis.

B. active transport.

C. osmosis.

D. diffusion.

E. endocytosis.֖

Back 29

E. endocytosis

Front 30

34. For the process of diffusion to occur, molecules must

A. movefrom areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until anequilibrium is reached.

B. movefrom areas of low concentration to areas of higher concentration until anequilibrium is reached.

C. remain stationary until their molecular motion allows for an equilibrium to bereached.

D. movefrom areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration untilfacilitated transport can assist the molecular equilibrium

E. movefrom areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until anequilibrium is reached by active transport. "

Back 30

A. move from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an equilibrium is reached

Front 31

____________________ is a hallmark of multicellular organisms.

Back 31

Communication amoung cells

Front 32

Tight and anchoring junctions cause cells to _______________ to each other.

Back 32

adhere tightly

Front 33

Specific protein receptors are present for signal _____________, signal ___________, ____________ receptors, binding to _______ , and ______________________.

Back 33

amplification, transduction, intracellular, DNA, signaling to other cell

Front 34

In response to injury, cellfragments called platelets get activated to induce clotting. Activatedplatelets release factors that can in turn bind to specific membrane receptorson nearby cells. What type of signaling would this beconsidered? (short lived, local)

A. Direct contact

B. Paracrine

C. Endocrine

D. Synaptic

E. Autocrine

Back 34

B. paracrine

Front 35

Synaptic signaling requires ______________ to be released into the _________________.

Back 35

neurotransmitters,

synaptic gap.

Front 36

In the digestive tract ____________ develop connections to form a sheet that prevents________________-.

Back 36

tight junctions, leakage of small molecules

Front 37

Small molecules or ions can pass from one cell to another through ________________________

Back 37

gap junctions

Front 38

A cell biologist has blocked the_______________________ in a lab rat's liver tissue byusing a chemical that prohibits ________________

Back 38

chemically-gated ion channels,

binding of a signal molecule

Front 39

Phosphorylation-dephosphorylation is commonly used to regulate signal transductionpathways because the _____________________________ can expose or hide potentialbinding sites in proteins.

Back 39

addition or removal of a phosphate group

Front 40

Certain key molecules can regulate biochemical pathways by controlling the rates ofenzymatic reactions by binding at ________________

Back 40

allosteric sites

Front 41

A molecule that closelyresembles the shape of a substrate for an enzyme would most likely serve as a:

A. noncompetitive inhibitor

B. allosteric inhibitor

C. competitiveinhibitor

D. allosteric activator

Back 41

C. competitive inhibitor

Front 42

Oxidation and reduction reactions are chemical processes that result in a _________________

Back 42

gain or loss in electrons

Front 43

Reactions that occur spontaneously and release free energy are called _______________.

Back 43

exergonic reactions

Front 44

Enzymes have specific ___________ with which they interact.

Back 44

substrates

Front 45

The inorganic non-proteincomponents that participate in enzyme catalysis are known as:

A. coenzymes.

B. cofactors.

C. products.

D. substrates.

E. reactants.

Back 45

B. cofactors

Front 46

A calorie is the commonlyused unit of chemical energy. It is also the unit of:

A. light.

B. magnetism.

C. sound.

D. heat.

E. radioactivity.

Back 46

D. heat

Front 47

The term oxidation is derived from the name of the element oxygen. This is reasonable,because _____________________________

Back 47

oxygen attracts electrons very strongly

Front 48

As energy is being reconverted through the many forms, it is continuously lost as __________

Back 48

heat

Front 49

25. The Law of Thermodynamics that states that increases in entropy are favored is:

A. TheFirst Law of Thermodynamics

B. TheSecond Law of Thermodynamics

C. TheThird Law of Thermodynamics

D. TheFourth Law of Thermodynamics

Back 49

B. Second Law

Front 50

1. Organisms that can manufacture their own chemical energy are called____________.

A. autotrophs

B. heterotrophs

C. oligotrophs

D. chemotrophs

Back 50

A. autotrophs

Front 51

Fats undergo a process called ________________, in which the products are acetyl coenzymemolecules

Back 51

beta oxidation

Front 52

When oxygen is unavailableduring heavy exercise what process do muscle cells use for energygeneration?

A. Glycolysis coupled with alcoholfermentation

B. Anaerobic respiration

C. Aerobic respiration

D. Glycolysis coupled with lactate fermentation

Back 52

Glycolysis coupled with lactate fermentation

Front 53

A molecule that stores energy by linking charged phosphate groups near each other iscalled _____________.

Back 53

ATP

Front 54

What aspect of cellularrespiration occurs in the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?

A. Glycolysis

B. Pyruvate oxidation

C. The Krebs cycle

D. The electron transport chain

E. ATP synthesis

Back 54

A. Glycolysis

Front 55

The reaction, C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, when it occurs in living cells is knownas____________

Back 55

aerobic respiration

Front 56

One way to generateacetyl-CoA is to convert pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by stripping off a C02molecule. The removal of CO2 is referred to as what type ofreaction?

A. Decarboxylation

B. Glycolytic

C. Carboxylation

D. Acetylation

Back 56

C. Carboxylation

Front 57

Arsenic poisoning can leadto organ failure and death. Though arsenic can inhibit or interfere witha number of cellular enzymes, arsenic poisoning is thought to be mainly due toindirect inhibition of enzymes involved in both pyruvate oxidation and theKrebs cycle. As a result, this compound must be able to enter whatcellular compartment?

A. The cytoplasm

B. The nucleus

C. The intermembrane space of themitochondria

D. The mitochondrial matrix

E. The endoplasmic reticulum

Back 57

D. Mitochondrial Matric

Front 58

The energy released in themitochondrial electron transport chain is used to transport protons where?

A. Into the mitochondrial matrix

B. Into the cytoplasm

C. Into the endoplasmic reticulum

D. Into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria

E. Into the nucleus

Back 58

A. into the mitochondrial matrix

Front 59

In muscle cells, fermentation produces not alcohol but

Back 59

lactic acid

Front 60

Amino acids are carried to the ribosome by tRNA molecules in order to build

Back 60

polypeptides

Front 61

The many different functions and behaviors of living organisms are essentially based on ___________________________. The cells' performance in turn is dependent upon the _______________________________________

Back 61

the performance of their cells,

production of many varieties of polypeptides and proteins

Front 62

Each amino acid has a specific tRNA molecule that can transport it to the site of ____________________. Therefore, in humans the number of different tRNA molecules would be

Back 62

protein synthesis,

20

Front 63

In eukaryotic cells, mRNA is made as a copy of the _______________________.

Back 63

DNA coding information in nucleus

Front 64

The genetic code operates on the following principles:

Back 64

all four of the nucleotide bases must be used, each combination of any three nucleotides can act as a codon, and a particular codon always specifies the same amino acid

Front 65

The tRNA nucleotidesequence that pairs with bases on the mRNA is called a(n)

A. intron.

B. exon.

C. codon.

D. initiation factor.

E. anticodon.

Back 65

E. anticodon

Front 66

The codons that serve as "stop" signals for the protein synthesis are called ________________

Back 66

nonsense codons

Front 67

When a polypeptide is beingassembled, the bond that forms between a newly added amino acid and theprevious amino acid in the chain is a _________ bond.

A. hydrogen

B. hydrophobic

C. terminal

D. phosphodiester

E. peptide

Back 67

E. peptide

Front 68

During translation,uncharged tRNA molecules leave the ribosome from the _________ site.

A. E

B. P

C. A

D. termination E. release

Back 68

B. E

Front 69

Although 61 differentcodons code for amino acids, cells contain fewer than 61 different tRNAs.Why?

A. Because the 5' base on the tRNA anticodon has someflexibility (wobble); thus, some tRNA anticodons can pair with more thanone mRNA codon.

B. Although 61 different codons code foramino acids, any given cell contains fewer than 61.

C. Because the 5' base on the mRNA codonhas some flexibility (wobble); thus, some mRNA codons can pair with more thanone tRNA anticodon.

D. Because each amino acid is coded forby just one codon.

Back 69

A. Because the 5' base on the tRNA anticodon has some flexibility (wobble); thus, some tRNA anticodons can pair with more than one mRNA codon.

Front 70

Most eukaryotic cells go through a repeating process of growth and division referred to as the______________

Back 70

cell cycle

Front 71

The stage of mitosischaracterized by the physical separation of sister chromatids is called:

A. Anaphase

B. Metaphase

C. Prometaphase

D. Telophase

Back 71

A. anaphase

Front 72

The stage of mitosischaracterized by the physical separation of sister chromatids is called:

A. Anaphase

B. Metaphase

C. Prometaphase

D. Telophase

Back 72

D. telophase

Front 73

The physical map of the array of chromosomes is called

Back 73

karyotype

Front 74

Growth and reproduction are cell functions that are maintained by

Back 74

cell division

Front 75

______________ are portions of the chromatin that stain very intensely and are permanentlycondensed so that their DNA is never expressed.

Back 75

Heterochromatin

Front 76

Before cell division ofsomatic cells, each chromosome must be replicated. After replication, theresulting two parts of each chromosome are held together by cohesin at thecentromere. These two parts are referred to as:

A. Sister chromatids

B. Homologous chromosomes

C. Daughter chromosomes

D. Kinetochores

E. Genes

Back 76

A. sister Chromatids

Front 77

What is the sequence ofevents in a typical eukaryotic cell cycle?

A. G1 to G2 to S to mitosis to cytokinesis

B. G1 to S to G2 to mitosis to cytokinesis

C. G1 to S to G2 to cytokinesis to mitosis

D. G1 to G2 to mitosis to S to cytokinesis

E. S to G1 to G2 to mitosis to cytokinesis

Back 77

B. G1 to S to G2 to mitosis to cytokinesis

Front 78

The cell organelles replicate prior to genomic separation in the ____________-

Back 78

G2 phase.

Front 79

The proteins that participate in the functioning of the checkpoints for cell cycle control are__________________________.

Back 79

cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases

Front 80

Compared to asexualreproduction, the main advantage of sexual reproduction is that it

A. requires less energy

B. increases the genetic diversity of the offspring

C. can produce more complex offspring

D. can produce a greater number of offspring

Back 80

B. increases the genetic diversity of the offspring

Front 81

Evidence of crossing overcan often be seen under the light microscope as a structure called a _______.

A. kinetochore

B. centromere

C. chiasma

D. centriole

Back 81

C. Chiasma

Front 82

The fusion of a male gametewith a female gamete is called

A. syngamy.

B. meiosis.

C. mitosis.

D. recombination.

E. synapsis.

Back 82

A. syngamy

Front 83

The pairing of chromosomesalong their lengths, which is essential for crossing over, is referred to as

A. syngamy.

B. synapsis.

C. prophase.

D. recombination.

E. centromere.

Back 83

B. synapsis

Front 84

All animal cells arediploid except

A. gametes.

B. muscle cells.

C. nerve cells.

D. germ-line cells.

E. somatic cells.

Back 84

A. gametes

Front 85

Between the two divisions of meiosis there is no

Back 85

S phase.

Front 86

Sexual reproduction increases genetic variability through all of the following except

Back 86

mitosis

Front 87

Which best describes theprocess of independent assortment?

A. The way one pair of homologues lines up along themetaphase plate does not affect how any other pair lines up.

B. Segregation of chromosomes during meiosisI is independent of their segregation during meiosis II.

C. During synapsis, chromosomes pair up atrandom.

D. Crossing over along one pair ofchromosomes is independent of crossing over along the other pairs.

E. During synapsis, homologues pairindependently of each other.

Back 87

A. The way one pair of homologues lines up along the metaphase plate does not affect how any other pair lines up

Front 88

In an organism that has 28 chromosomes as its diploid number, the cell will have 56chromosomes after __________ but before _______________

Back 88

mitosis,;

cytokinesis

Front 89

Of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes, 22 autosome pairs are similar in the location ofgenes and are found in ____________________________________

Back 89

both males and female

Front 90

Organisms generally have many more genes that assort independently than the number ofchromosomes due to _______________

Back 90

crossing over

Front 91

The white eye mutation in Drosophila was shown to be sex-linked and caused by a generesiding on

Back 91

chromosome X.

Front 92

When________________ occurs, chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, leading to acondition in which the diploid number is not normal

Back 92

nondisjunction

Front 93

A human female with only one X chromosome is said to have a condition called

Back 93

Turner syndrome.

Front 94

___________________ is a human hereditary disease that is caused by a dominant allele butdoes not show up in affected individuals until they are in middle age.

Back 94

Huntington's disease

Front 95

A normal human female contains______________ Barr bodies in her cells

Back 95

one

Front 96

In humans, if a non-disjunction event led to an individual with a genotype of XXY, they would be

Back 96

male because they have a Y chromosome.

Front 97

If an XY individual had a deletion of the SRY gene, they would ____________.

Back 97

develop as a female

Front 98

___________________will inherit all their mitochondria DNA from their mother and nonefrom their father.

Back 98

Both sons and daughters

Front 99

_____________ developed a model of DNA in which the two strands twist into the shapeof double helix.

Back 99

Watson and Crick

Front 100

The method of DNA replication, where each original strand is used as a template to build anew strand, is called the ___________________

Back 100

semiconservative method

Front 101

Chargaff's rules for the pairing of nitrogen bases is ___________________________.

Back 101

A pairs with T and G pairs with C

Front 102

The lagging strand is replicated with stretches of _______________ and that is why itssynthesis is considered to be discontinuous

Back 102

Okazaki fragments

Front 103

Replication always proceeds by adding new bases to ___ end.

Back 103

3'

Front 104

Fourteen percent of the DNA nucleotides from a certain organism contain T. You wouldexpect ____% A, _____ % C, _____ % G of the other bases to be present in this particular DNA.

Back 104

14% A

36% C

36% G

Front 105

_____________ is responsible for unwinding the double helix of DNA.

Back 105

DNA helicase

Front 106

Endonucleases and exonucleases are enzymes that can remove nucleotides. An_____________ cuts DNA internally while an ______________ chews away at the end of DNA.

Back 106

endonuclease

exonuclease

Front 107

5' ACTGACCAT 3' is complementary to '.

Back 107

5' ATGGTCAGT 3'

Front 108

An increased vulnerability to ___________ is a likely risk in a clinical trial for a new drug that canactivate telomerase.

Back 108

cancer

Front 109

The maintenance of a constant environment in a cell is called _________________

Front 110

The most common form of regulation in bacteria and eukaryotes is _____________________

Back 110

transcriptional control.

Front 111

Enhancers are the binding sites for the ______________________.

Back 111

specific transcription factors

Front 112

Small RNAs can regulate gene expression. One type, called micro RNA (miRNA), acts bybinding directly to ___________________________

Back 112

mRNA to prevent translation.

Front 113

The______________ system is important to bacteria because the sugar lactose is only rarelyavailable; producing enzymes all the time is costly

Back 113

lac regulatory

Front 114

In order fortranscription to be initiated

A. DNA polymerase must have access to the DNAdouble helix and must also be capable of binding to the gene's promoter.

B. RNA polymerase must have access to the DNA double helixand must also be capable of binding to the gene's promoter.

C. DNA polymerase must have access to theRNA and must also be capable of binding to the gene's promoter.

D. RNA ligase must have access to the DNAdouble helix and must also be capable of binding to the gene's promoter.

E. RNA polymerase must have access to theDNA double helix and also must be capable of binding to the gene's operator.

Back 114

b. RNA polymerase must have access to the DNA double helix and must also be capable of binding to the gene's promoter

Front 115

When E. coli cellsproduce the amino acid tryptophan, a cluster of five genes is transcribedtogether. This cluster of genes is referred to as the

A. trp transcriptional operator.

B. trp regulator.

C. trp suppressor.

D. trp operon.

E. trp promoter.

Back 115

D. trp operon

Front 116

The CAP molecule can attach to the CAP binding site only when the CAP molecule isbound to ____________.

Back 116

cAMP

Front 117

One of the DNA-binding motifs that contains a nearly identical sequence of 60 amino acidsin many eukaryotic organisms is known as the _______________

Back 117

homeodomain

Front 118

A cluster offunctionally-related genes that are regulated together and encoded into asingle mRNA molecule is called a(n)

A. operon.

B. repressor.

C. promoter.

D. operator.

E. CAP.

Back 118

A. operon

Front 119

In insects, the passage from one body form to another is called _________________

Back 119

metamorphosis.

Front 120

_____________________ are cell adhesion proteins that some cells use in the process of differentiationduring development

Back 120

Cadherins

Front 121

Plants do not utilize the process of cell migration in their development. Instead plantsutilize the process of building themselves _____________________________

Back 121

outwardly via the meristems present in the developing plant tissues.

Front 122

There are cases,particularly in fruit flies, in which a perfectly normal body part grows in anarea where it should not grow. Extra pairs of wings and legs growing in theantennae location are some examples. How can this phenomenon be explained?

A. These mutations occur as a result ofspecialized development called determination in which the gene determining aspecific factor will become totipotent.

B. These mutations occur as a result ofdifferentiation of these tissues at the incorrect time during development,which causes a mix-up in signals and protein production in those tissues.

C. These mutations occur as a result of homeotic genemutations.

D. These mutations occur as a result of gapgene mutations.

Back 122

C. These mutations occur as a result of homeotic gene mutations.

Front 123

A hollow ball of cells that results from repeated cell divisions is called a

Back 123

blastula

Front 124

In general, the blastomeresof this region form the ectodermal tissues.

A. animal pole

B. vegetal pole

C. equator region

D. membrane

Back 124

A. animal pole

Front 125

A zygote initially divides into smaller cells, each called a_____________________.

Back 125

blastomere

Front 126

. A seed germinates as a result of responses to changes in its ____________________

Back 126

environment

Front 127

The elongated structure that links the embryo of a developing plant to its nutrient source iscalled the ________________

Back 127

meristem.

Front 128

Cells that are programmed to die, shrivel and shrink in a process called________________

Back 128

apoptosis.

Front 129

Migration and hybridization between individuals of adjacent populations causes

Back 129

gene flow.

Front 130

The gene pool includes all of the individuals, mutations, adaptations, and fitness within a

Back 130

population

Front 131

In the Hardy-Weinbergequations, the frequencies of 2 alleles in a population (where there are only 2alleles to consider) can be designated as

A. p and q.

B. p2 and q2.

C. 2pq.

D. 1 - p and 1 - q.

E. (p + q)2.

Back 131

A. p and q

Front 132

A locus with more variation than can be explained by mutation is referred toas

Back 132

polymorphic

Front 133

Hardy-Weinberg pointed outthat the original proportions of the genotypes in a population would remainconstant from generation to generation if certain assumptions are met. Whichone of the following is not a Hardy-Weinberg condition?

A. No selection occurs.

B. Random mating occurs.

C. No gene flow occurs.

D. The population is very large.

E. No polymorphic loci exist in the population. Y/cQf+Rwh

Back 133

E. No polymorphic loci exist in the

Front 134

The phenomenon in which rare alleles become more common in new populations iscalled

Back 134

founder effect

Front 135

In a small population ofcockroaches living in your kitchen, only a few roaches mate in one year. This can lead to random changes in allele frequency in the populationthrough ______

A. selection.

B. genetic drift.

C. mutation.

D. nonrandom mating.

E. migration.

Back 135

B. genetic drift

Front 136

In some populations the drive is to mate with individuals that are phenotypically different ata variety of loci. This leads to large numbers of heterozygotes and is called _________________________

Back 136

disassortative mating

Front 137

When selection acts to eliminate one extreme from an array of phenotypes it iscalled

Back 137

directional selection.

Front 138

Cheetahs have been througha genetic bottleneck; evidence for this is that

A. they originally came from small areas ofAfrica.

B. the body is long, thin, and graceful.

C. little natural selection occurs in thisspecies.

D. there is very little genetic variability.

E. these cats are members of an endangeredspecies

Back 138

D. there is very little genetic variability.

Front 139

Darwin's finches have adapted to feed in different ways in response to the ______________________.

Back 139

available food supply

Front 140

Considerably morephenotypic variation exists in domesticated varieties of species like dogs andcabbages than exists in non-domesticated species like lions and maple trees.Which one of the following statements best explains why this is true?

A. There is no selection and mating is randomunder domestication.

B. During domestication, very high rates ofmutation are induced.

C. Genetic drift is important becausedomestication involves small populations.

D. Many domesticated varieties would not survive in thenatural world.

E. Domesticated species exhibit "hybridvigor" (heterosis).ENDB`w2

Back 140

D.Many domesticated varieties would not survive in the natural world.

Front 141

A technique used in datinga rock can be used to accurately predict the age of the fossils occurring inthe rocks. This technique involves

A. fossil dating.

B. successive rock layering.

C. radioactive isotope decay.

D. structural geology.E. developmental geology.

Back 141

C. radioactive isotope decay

Front 142

Progressive changes in fossils of different ages provides one of the strongest lines ofevidence for

Back 142

evolution.

Front 143

Which one of the followingfeatures of Archaeopteryx clearly demonstrates that it was on theevolutionary line leading from dinosaurs to birds?

A. egg-laying ability

B. teeth

C. feathers

D. bony tail

E. claws on forelimbs

Back 143

C feathers

Front 144

Homologous structuresare

A. structures of animals that appear to haveevolved from different parts of their bodies.

B. structures of animals that have different appearances andfunctions but seem to have evolved from the same body part in a commonancestor.

C. structures of animals that have the sameappearances and functions but obviously no common ancestor.

D. structures of animals that have differentappearances and functions but different ancestors

Back 144

B. structures of animals that have different appearances and functions but seem to have evolved from the same body part in a common ancestor.

Front 145

Mollusk eyes and vertebrateeyes are

A. analogous structures, because they arisefrom the same structures during development.

B. analogous structures, because they have the same functionbut derive from different common ancestors.

C. homologous structures, because they havedifferent functions.

D. homologous structures, because they arederived from the same common ancestor.

Back 145

B. analogous structures, because they have the same function but derive from different common ancestors.

Front 146

Transfer of a functional domain from one gene to another, creating a novel protein, canoccur by

Back 146

exon shuffling

Front 147

The bacterium Bacillus tumefaciens has been harnessed in biotechnology because it caninsert a gene from one species of plant into another. This can also occur in nature and is referredto

Back 147

horizontal gene transfer.

Front 148

The type of speciation thatresults in the formation of separate species as a result of geographicisolation is called ____________ speciation.

A. gradual

B. sympatric

C. allopatric

D. sexual

E. adaptive

Back 148

C. allopatric

Front 149

When species are keptseparate by preventing the formation of hybrid zygotes, the mechanism thatkeeps the species separate is known as a _____________ isolatingmechanism.

A. hybridization

B. postzygotic

C. prezygotic

D. adaptive

E. differential

Back 149

C. prezygotic

Front 150

According to the ecological species concept, the distinctive role of a species in nature is its _________.

Back 150

niche

Front 151

According to the BiologicalSpecies Concept, two groups of organisms that are unable to form fertile,viable hybrids are considered to be different

A. races.

B. species.

C. kingdoms.

D. hybrids.

E. cohabitants.

Back 151

B. species.

Front 152

Natural selection promotes speciation by

Back 152

strengthening isolating mechanisms, restricting gene flow, character displacement, and affecting the survivorship of hybrids.

Front 153

Once species have formed,they keep their identity by A. developmental differences.B. genetic blocks.C. isolating mechanisms.D. somatic mutations.E. structural modifications.

Back 153

C. isolating mechanisms

Front 154

In the southeastern U.S.,two species of wild lettuce (Lactuca) do not usually form hybrids,because they bloom at different seasons. The means of isolation appears tobe A. postzygotic and behavioral.B. prezygotic and temporal.C. prezygotic and geographical.D. prezygotic and mechanical.E. postzygotic and ecological.

Back 154

B. prezygotic and temporal.

Front 155

Select all of the followingthat are postzygotic isolating mechanisms.

____ Hybrids are sterile.

____ Hybrids develop abnormally.

____ Hybrids fail to become established in nature.

_____ Hybrids cannot be formed."

Back 155

Select all of the followingthat are postzygotic isolating mechanisms.

__X__ Hybrids are sterile.

__X__ Hybrids develop abnormally.

__X__ Hybrids fail to become established in nature.

_____ Hybrids cannot be formed."

Front 156

Check all that apply:

Members of the same biological species can

____ have several isolated gene pools.

____ differ from other species in one or more characteristics.

_____ generate fertile offspring with the members of a different species.

___ interbreed freely with each other.

Back 156

DOES NOT APPLY

generate fertile offspring with the members of a different species.

Front 157

In ___________, all major groups are not affected equally

Back 157

mass extinctions

Front 158

Genome studies show us that many genes and gene families are ______________

Back 158

highly conserved

Front 159

One of the ways that two species can be compared, and information about the genetic basisof human diseases extracted, is by ________________________

Back 159

using their sequenced genomes and looking at the conserved sequences.

Front 160

Looking at the differences in protein-encoding gene sequences between humans andchimpanzees,___________________

Back 160

there is less than 1% difference.

Front 161

The major cause of polyploidy is when an entire genome duplicates so that __________________________ of the genome exist in each cell.

Back 161

3 or more complete copies

Front 162

The types of human genes least likely to be duplicated, _____________, _____________________

Back 162

resulting in multiple copies,

genes controlling basic metabolism.

Front 163

Many genes in the humangenome are no longer expressed because mutations have introduced stop codonswithin the coding sequence or transposons have disrupted gene function. Thesegenes are now considered

A. pseudogenes.

B. orthologues.

C. paralogues.

D. homologues.

Back 163

A. pseudogenes.

Front 164

Today, gene swappingbetween two species is A. impossible, but it happened frequently inthe distant past.B. infrequent but possible; it happened more often in thedistant past.C. much more frequent compared to in thedistant past.D. only possible if they are in the samefamily of organisms, such as lions and tigers.

Back 164

B. infrequent but possible; it happened more often in the distant past

Front 165

_______________ is likely to produce pseudogenes.

Back 165

Gene inactivation

Front 166

_______________ has more genes than humans.

Back 166

Rice