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59 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Define bryophyte

Moss

What are most primitive land plants

Bryophytes

Bryophyte features

No vascular tissue, lack true roots, stems and leaves. Confined to moist environments because sperm needs to swim to egg.

Do bryophyte need water for reproduction? Why or why not

Sperm needs water to swim to egg

What is dominant in bryozoans, gametophyte or sporophyte?

Gametophyte.

Define sporophyte

Produces spores

Define gametophyte

Produces egg or sperm gametes . There are male and female gametophytes

Define antheridium

At tips of male gametophyte. Produces sperm

Define archegonium

At tips of female gametophytes. Produces egg.

Bryophyte life cycle

Sperm released from antheridium, swims to egg in archegonium. Zygote is formed, sporophyte grows from zygote at tip of female plant and eventually produces spores. Spores released and grow into gametophyte. Continue.

Phylum of gymnosperm

Coniferophyta- conifers

Life cycle of gymnosperm

Confers produce both male and female cones. Small non-woody: males


Large woody: female


Males produce pollen grains, female produces ovules, each holding a microscopic female gametophyte that contains egg. After pollination, ovule develops seed.

Conifer dispersal method

Wind. Seeds usually winged

Angiosperms

Flowering plants . Most diverse . Can be found both on land and in Marine habitats

Characteristics of angiosperms

Vary in size. Covered seeds, high developed vascular tissue, dominant sporophyte dependent gametophyte stage, produce pollen and seeds.

Dominant stage of bryophyte

Gametophyte

Dominant stage of angiosperms

Sporophyte

Repr I was oduction of angiosperms

Both sexual and asexual. Similar to conifers. Gametophytes contained to a periodically-made part of sporophyte. The gametophytes form flowers.

Where are the reproductive organs of angiosperms and what are they

In the flower. Stamens (male) and pistils (female) both produce gametes

Where are the male and female parts of angiosperms.

In flower. Some have both in each flower, some have separate mle md female flowers

What are flowers

Reproductive shoots composed of many different parts. Floral parts arranged in whorls

Define anther

Pollen-bearing part of stamen

Define calyx and function

All the sepals of a flower . Protects immature flower as it develops

Define corolla and function

Inner whorl of petals. Attracts pollinators

Define filament

Narrow part of stamen which supports anther

Define ovary

Female reproductive organ containing eggs

Define petal

Modified leaves that surround reproductive part

Define pistil and function

Female part of flower, consisting of stigma, style and ovary . Stigma traps pollen, ovary holds eggs, style holds stigma


Define receptacle

Part of flower stalk where parts of flower are attached

Define sepal

Outer parts of flower (often green and leaf like) covers outside of bud

Define stamen and function

Male part of flower produces pollen consisting of anther and filament.

Define stigma

Enlarged sticky area in end of style which receives pollen

Define style

Slender part of pistil which connects stigma with ovary

Number of petals and sepals in monocots

Multiples of 3.

Number of petals and sepals in dicots

Multiples of 4 or 5

Characteristics of edicots

2 cotyledons, 3 pores in pollen grains, Flowers in multiples of 4 or 5

Pollen grains in angiosperms

Hard outer coat. Protects gametophytes during transport from stamen to pistil

Pollen grains in gymnosperms

Hard coat protects transport from mal to female cones

Function of pollen

Fertilises female eggs to produce new seeds

Hat did terrestrial plants evolve from

Algae

How long ago did plants move to land

500 million years ago

Why is land hard to colonise for plants

Is an extreme habitat. Temp and moisture changes abruptly. Reproduction is hard.

How did plants evolve for life on land

Plants evolved pollen grains. The pollen gained a protective coating to protect sperm from drying out. Developed true roots to absorb water and minerals, developed vascular tissue, energy storage, leave that could breathe.

What happens when pollen grains get into stigma

They germinate in sugary solution and produce pollen tube into ovary. Zygote is created.embryo grows in ovary.

What is the function of pollen

Fertilises female eggs to produce new seeds

Do bees eat pollen

Yes, bee bread.

Is a vector required for self pollination

No

Is a vector required for cross pollination

Yes

Do the anther and stigma mature at the same time

Only in self pollinating plants, because the stigma is needed to catch pollen made by Anther.


In Cross pollinating plants mature separately.

Why can't sone plants pollinate themselves

Because of their inability to set seeds

Genetic makeup of cross versus self pollinating offspring

Cross pollinators have good genetic diversity, self ones don't

How do some plants avoid self pollination

Will have the stigma above the stamen or vice versa

What happens to flower parts after fertilization

Sepals, petals and stamens dry up and fall off.

Types of seed dispersal mechanisms

Animals, wind, hydraulic expulsion, water, parent

Geocarpy

Protects seeds in harsh areas. Ie peanut plant buries seeds underground

Things to think about with distance from parent to seed

Competition, genetic diversity, target locations, seed dispersal and colonisation

Vegetative reproduction

Cloning in angiosperms. No gamete involved. Plants produces have identical genomes. Parts of plant produce roots and become independent . Ie lilypads

Stolons

Runners. Ie strawberry. Grow daughter plants from runners.

Rhizomes

Horizontal stems grown underground. Swollen tip is tuber. Ie potatoes.