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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The elemental carbon in glucose that you eat will later be found in
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The carbon dioxide that you exhale
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Implicit in the Central Dogma of Francis Crick is the idea that
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The template for nucleic acids is a previously existing nucleic acid
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If a salamander relied on hydrogen bonds to cling to surfaces, what type of surface would cause the most problems for this animal?
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a surface made with carbon and hydrogen atoms covalently bonded together
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A covalent chemical bond is one in which
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outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both
atoms. |
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Nitrogen (N) is much more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following statements is correct about the atoms in ammonia (NH3)?
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Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge.
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Which of the following molecules contains the most polar covalent bond?
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H2O
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If the pH of a solution is increased from pH 5 to pH 7, it means that the
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concentration of OH- is 100 times greater than what it was at pH 5.
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How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell?
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4
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Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other?
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Testosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton.
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Which is the best description of a carbonyl group?
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a carbon atom joined to an oxygen by a double covalent bond
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Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?
A) Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis. B) Dehydration reactions eliminate water from lipid membranes, and hydrolysis makes lipid membranes water permeable. C) Dehydration reactions ionize water molecules and add hydroxyl groups to polymers; hydrolysis reactions release hydroxyl groups from polymers. D) Hydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration reactions break down polymers. E) Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers. |
Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers.
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The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?
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C18H32O16
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Which of the following statements concerning saturated fats is not true?
A) They are one of several factors that contribute to atherosclerosis. B) They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. C) They generally solidify at room temperature. D) They are more common in animals than in plants. E) They contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms. |
They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.
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Which type of interaction stabilizes the ! helix and the " pleated sheet structures of proteins?
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hydrogen bonds
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The R group or side chain of the amino acid serine is –CH2–OH. The R group or side chain of the amino acid
leucine is –CH2–CH–(CH3)2. Where would you expect to find these amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution? |
Leucine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.
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If cells are grown in a medium containing radioactive 35S, which of these molecules will be labeled?
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proteins
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DNAase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would first happen to DNA molecules treated with DNAase?
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The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken.
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If 14C-labeled uridine triphosphate is added to the growth medium of cells, what macromolecules will be labeled?
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RNA
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If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine?
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40
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A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely
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producing primarily cytoplasmic proteins.
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The elemental carbon in glucose that you eat will later be found in
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The carbon dioxide that you exhale
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Implicit in the Central Dogma of Francis Crick is the idea that
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The template for nucleic acids is a previously existing nucleic acid
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|
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If a salamander relied on hydrogen bonds to cling to surfaces, what type of surface would cause the most problems for this animal?
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a surface made with carbon and hydrogen atoms covalently bonded together
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A covalent chemical bond is one in which
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outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both
atoms. |
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Nitrogen (N) is much more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following statements is correct about the atoms in ammonia (NH3)?
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Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge.
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Which of the following molecules contains the most polar covalent bond?
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H2O
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If the pH of a solution is increased from pH 5 to pH 7, it means that the
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concentration of OH- is 100 times greater than what it was at pH 5.
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How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell?
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4
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Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other?
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Testosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton.
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Which is the best description of a carbonyl group?
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a carbon atom joined to an oxygen by a double covalent bond
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Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?
A) Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis. B) Dehydration reactions eliminate water from lipid membranes, and hydrolysis makes lipid membranes water permeable. C) Dehydration reactions ionize water molecules and add hydroxyl groups to polymers; hydrolysis reactions release hydroxyl groups from polymers. D) Hydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration reactions break down polymers. E) Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers. |
Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers.
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The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?
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C18H32O16
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Which of the following statements concerning saturated fats is not true?
A) They are one of several factors that contribute to atherosclerosis. B) They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. C) They generally solidify at room temperature. D) They are more common in animals than in plants. E) They contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms. |
They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.
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Which type of interaction stabilizes the ! helix and the " pleated sheet structures of proteins?
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hydrogen bonds
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The R group or side chain of the amino acid serine is –CH2–OH. The R group or side chain of the amino acid
leucine is –CH2–CH–(CH3)2. Where would you expect to find these amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution? |
Leucine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.
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If cells are grown in a medium containing radioactive 35S, which of these molecules will be labeled?
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proteins
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DNAase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would first happen to DNA molecules treated with DNAase?
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The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken.
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If 14C-labeled uridine triphosphate is added to the growth medium of cells, what macromolecules will be labeled?
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RNA
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If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine?
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40
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A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely
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producing primarily cytoplasmic proteins.
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The Golgi apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity?
A) Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. B) Soluble proteins in the cisternae (interior) of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. C) Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side. D) Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. E) All of the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function. |
All of the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function.
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Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells?
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lysosome
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How many targeting signals will a protein that needs to function in the lysosome contain?
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two
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if you mutate (inactivate) the gene for the enzyme that adds the Mannose-6-Phosphate lysosomal sorting signal, where will the acid hydrolase end up?
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It will be secreted to the extracellular space.
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Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures?
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microtubules and motor proteins
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The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animals
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enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temperature drops.
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Which of the following is one of the ways that the membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold?
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by increasing the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane
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When a membrane is freeze-fractured, the bilayer splits down the middle between the two layers of phospholipids. In an electron micrograph of a freeze-fractured membrane, the bumps seen on the fractured surface of the membrane are
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integral proteins.
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Some bacterial membranes have phospholipids in which the fatty acid tail contains a branch (as pictured below). Predict how this type of lipid will impact membrane fluidity.
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It will increase fluidity by reducing tight packing of the lipid tails.
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Why are lipids and proteins free to move laterally in membranes?
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There are only weak hydrophobic interactions between them.
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What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane by passive diffusion?
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small and hydrophobic
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Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff and hard. Similar stalks left in a 0.15 M salt solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that the cells of the celery stalks are
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hypertonic to fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution.
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The phosphate transport system in bacteria imports phosphate into the cell even when the concentration of phosphate outside the cell is much lower than the cytoplasmic phosphate concentration. Phosphate import depends on a pH gradient across the membrane–more acidic outside the cell than inside the cell. Phosphate transport is an example of
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secondary active transport.
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White blood cells engulf bacteria through what process?
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phagocytosis
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Which of the following is (are) true for anabolic pathways?
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They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.
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The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is #G =#H -T#S. Which of the following is (are) correct?
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#G is the change in free energy.
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The solutions in the two arms of this U-tube are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and glucose but not to sucrose. Side A is half-filled with a solution of 2 M sucrose and 1M glucose. Side B is half-filled with 1M sucrose and 2
M glucose. Initially, the liquid levels on both sides are equal. After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed? |
The water level is higher in side A than in side B.
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Based on the figure above, which of these experimental treatments would increase the rate of sucrose transport into the cell?
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decreasing extracellular pH
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Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?
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As a consequence of growing, organisms cause a greater increase in entropy in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth.
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Which of the following shows the correct changes in thermodynamic properties for a chemical reaction in which amino acids are linked to form a protein? Consider only the formation of the protein without the input of energy from ATP hydroylsis.
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B) +#H, -#S, +#G
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