Brock Biology Of Microorganisms Chapter One

Front 1

Microbiology revolves around what two basic themes?

Back 1

1) The basic science of understanding life

2) the applications of science to human needs

Front 2

Explain Microbiology as a basic biological science

Back 2

our understanding of life stems from studies of microbes as model systems

Front 3

Explain Microbiology as an applied biological science

Back 3

deals with important pracitcal problems in medicine, agriculture and industry

Front 4

Three processes that are microbial dependent

Back 4

1) Oxygen Supply

2) Degrading organic matter

3) recycling of key nutrients

Front 5

Two facets of cell structure

Back 5

1) highly compartmentalized

2) structures consist of protein, nucleic acid, lipid, and polysaccharide macromolecules

Front 6

Six processes that all cells undergo

Back 6

1) Metabolism

2) Reproduction

3) Differentiation

4) Communication

5) Movement

6) Evolution

Front 7

Two ways microbes impact humans

Back 7

1) Can be disease causing pathogens (majority of which are not harmful)

2) Agriculturally important

Front 8

How are microbes agriculturally important?

Back 8

1) As nitrogen fixing bacteria

2) for the digestive process in ruminant animals like cattle and sheep

3) key role in cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur

4) can cause plant disease (like citrus canker)

Front 9

Three ways microbes affect the food industry

Back 9

1) Food spoilage

2) food borne disease

3) food processing

Front 10

Three ways microbes affect energy and environment

Back 10

1) Production of methane gas

2) Phototropic bacteria help produce earth's biomass

3) Bacteria used for bioremediation

Front 11

Two ways microbes used in Biotechnology

Back 11

1) Used for manipulation and modification of genes

2) Cloning genes into bacterial host (production of insulin)

Front 12

Robert Hooke

Back 12

First to describe microbes in 1665 using molds

Invented microscope

Front 13

Antoni van Leeuwenhook

Back 13

discovered bacteria cells in 1676

developed a microscope at 200x magnification

associated with the royal society of london

Front 14

what four things did Leeuwenhook see under the microscope?

Back 14

bacteria, sperm, nematodes, blood cells

Front 15

Ferdinand Cohen

Back 15

German botanist who founded field of bacteriology

described the life cycle of the bacillus

first to classify bacteria

Front 16

Louis Pasteur

Back 16

settled controversy surrounding the theory of spontaneous generation

went on to develop vaccines for diseases like anthrax and rabies

Front 17

Robert Koch

Back 17

linked microbes to disease in "the germ theory of disease"

studied anthrax

found that bacteria could be grown in culture outside the animal's body and still remain pathogenic

developed many bacteria culturing techniques

Front 18

Koch's Postulates (4)

Back 18

1) The suspected pathogenic microbe should be present in all cases of the disease and should not apear in healthy animals

2) The suspected microbe should be able to be grown in pure culture

3) Cells from a pure culture of the suspected microbe should cause disease in a healthy animal

4) The pathogenic microbe should be re-isolated from culture and shown to be the same as the original microbe that was isolated

Front 19

What did Koch's Postulates eventually lead him to believe?

Back 19

That bacteria causes tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

Front 20

Martinus Beijernick

Back 20

Developed more advanced culturing techniques

developed "the enrichment culture"

Front 21

"The Enrichment Culture"

Back 21

based on the fact that microbes have different nutrient and incubation requirements

This allows us to "selectively" grow certain microbes

Front 22

Sergei Winogradsky

Back 22

developed concept of "chemolithotropy (Energy conserving process)

Front 23

Chemoautotrophs

Back 23

microbes that obtain their carbon from CO2