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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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US major soil problem |
Erosion (midwest and great plains) |
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Amazon major soil problem |
Erosion Slash-burn Agriculture |
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Central-Eastern Europe major soil problem |
Compaction Soviet era compaction (11% to compacted) |
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Western Europe major soil problem |
Sealing (Buildings) |
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Iraq major soil problem |
pollution Oil in FIrst gulf war |
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Kazakhstan |
Pollution, Desertification |
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China major soil problem |
Desertification (Farming, grazing, sand storms) |
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Australia major soil problem |
Salinization (Removal of vegetation) |
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Name 6 physical indicators |
Soil texture bulk density Soil structure Infiltration Hydraulic Conductivity Plan avilable water Depth of soil an rooting |
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Name 6 Chemical Indicators |
pH Salinity & exchangable Sodium capacity Cation exchange capacity Available N Available P Contaminants (PAH, PCB, metals, metaloids) |
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Name 6 biological indicators |
Organic matter OM Microbial biomass C and N Soil Respiration Nitrification, denitrification Enzyme activity Biodiversity Earthworms |
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Why study Soil Quality |
Improving soil quality by encouraging best management practices |
example: nutrient control |
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Soil Functions |
Sustaining biological Activity, Diversity, productivity Regulate and partitioning water Filtering and buffering Storing and cycling nutrients
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Land Functions |
Production function Biotic environmental function Climate-regulative function Hydrologic function Storage Function Waste and pollution control function Living space function |
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Soil Texture: |
Proportion of soil separates |
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optimal clay: |
10-20% |
"A little clay goes a long way" |
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Bulk density |
p_w=M_t/V_t |
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Dry bulk density |
p_b=M_s/V_t |
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Water content |
mass based=M_w/M Volume based=V_w/V |
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Soil structure types |
Granular Blocky Prismatic Columnar Platy Single Grained Massive |
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Aggregate stability |
Ability to resist erosion |
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6 steps of soil water movement |
Infiltration run-off percolation Drainage Leaching Capillary rise |
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SOM affects 5 things: |
Colour Water retention combination with clay chelation water Solubility |
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SOM properties |
Bufferation Cation exchange Mineralization Comines with organic chemicals |
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pH Definition and formula |
reactivity of soil -log(H+) |
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pH affects |
mobility of added nutrients availability of nutrients mobility of pollutants organic mater Agregate stability |
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What is CEC |
Cation Exchange Capacity Increases with pH |
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Salinity indicators |
Electrical conductivity EC Exchangable Na % ESP Sodium Adsorption ration SAR |
EC ESP SAR |
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N processes |
Ammonification NH4+ Nitrification NO3- Denitrification N2 |
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P processes |
P Mineralization P Fixation
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name one Enzyme activity effect |
Increases organic residue decomposition |
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Why site assessment |
Developp best managment practices |
BMPs |
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Steps before sampling |
Goal Time Desired analisys budget Strategy # samples Plan Storage/handling Penetration resistance |
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Define erosion |
Detachment and movement of soil by water by water wind tillage |
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Erosion Processes |
Water Wind Tillage |
W W T |
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3 Types of erosion |
Sheet Rill Gully |
S R G |
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3 Mechanisms of water erosion |
Detachment Transport Deposition |
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3 (out of 4) Factors controling water erosion |
Climate Topography Vegetation Soil type Tillage Practices |
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Meassurment of soil erosion system: |
Cesium-137 method
Cs137 is strongly retained by clay Quick requires 1 sample |
Cs-137 |
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USLE |
Universal soil loss equation Computes sheet and rill due to runoff A=R K LS C P |
Computed soil loss R=rainfall-runoff erosivity K=Soil erodibility factor LS=Slope factor C=crop-cover management factor P=supporting practice factor |
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RUSLE |
Revised USLE Does not account for gully wind or tillage erosion |
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RUSLEFAC |
RUSLE for aplication in canada |
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WEPP |
Water Erosion Prediction Project
Simulation model to calculate sedimentation |
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Soil conservation definition |
Protection of soil from erosion and deterioration |
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Soil Conservation practices Agronomic management Name 6 |
Reduced Tillage Traffic Control Contour tillage Crop Rotation Green manure Strip Cropping Inter-cropping Terraces Mulching Agrostological measures Dry farming |
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Soil Conservation practices Mecanical measuresmanagement Name 6 |
Basin Listing Sub Soiling Contour terracing Contour trenching Terrace outlet Gully control ponds/wetlands Straem bank protection |
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Soil Degradation processes |
Desertification Soil Pollution Soil Sealing Surface crust Saline soil Laterites |
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Define Desertification |
type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land |
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Causes of desertification |
Climate variations overgrazing over-cultivation deforestation |
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Define Soil Pollution |
Presence of human-made chemicals or |
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Name soil pollution chemical sources |
petroleum polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons pesticides lead and other heavy metals |
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Types of soil crusts |
Physical (broken soil structure, blocking surface, preferential settling) |
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Nutrient Sources: |
Soil minerals
Fertilizer Manure |
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Why nutrient management? |
Optimal benefit, minimal impact |
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Nutrient management factors |
Agri pollution Fertilization N-pollution P-pollution Cyanobacteria |
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what is P-index |
Assess risk of P movement to water bodies Source, transport, management, erosion 1-8 |
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Why is there cyanobacteria in QC |
Excess P-pollution, due to restriction on N |
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how doe salinazation occur |
high water table and evaporation rate |
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