Brain & Behavior Chapter 1

Front 1

Minimally Conscious State (MCS)

Back 1

condition in which a person can display some rudimentary behaviors, such as smiling or uttering a few words, but otherwise is not conscious

Front 2

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Back 2

wound to the brain that results from a blow to the head

Front 3

Persistent Vegetative State (PVS)

Back 3

condition in which a person is alive but unable to communicate or to function independently at even the most basic level

Front 4

Clinical trial

Back 4

consensual experiment directed toward developing a treatment

Front 5

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Back 5

neurosurgery in which electrodes implanted in the brain stimulate a targeted area with a low-voltage electrical current to facilitate behavior

Front 6

Common ancestor

Back 6

fore bearer from which two or more lineages or family groups arise and so is ancestral to both groups

Front 7

nerve net

Back 7

simple nervous system that has no brain or spinal cord but consists of neurons that receive sensory information and connect directly to other neurons that move muscles

Front 8

bilateral symmetry

Back 8

body plan in which organs or parts present on both sides of the body are mirror images in appearance. ex. hands are bilaterally symmetrical whereas the heart is not

Front 9

segmentation

Back 9

division into a number of parts that are similar; refers to the idea that many animals, including vertebrates, are composed of similarly organized body segments

Front 10

ganglia

Back 10

collection of nerve cells that function somewhat like a brain

Front 11

chordate

Back 11

animal that has both a brain and a spinal cord

Front 12

cladogram

Back 12

phylogenetic tree that branches repeatedly, suggesting a taxonomy of organisms based on the time sequence in which evolutionary branches arise

Front 13

hominid

Back 13

general term referring to primates that walk upright, including all forms of humans, living and extinct

Front 14

Encephalization quotient (EQ)

Back 14

Jerison's quantitative measure of brain size obtained from the ratio of actual brain size to expected brain size, according to the principle of proper mass, for an animal of a particular body size

Front 15

apraxia

Back 15

difficulty in movements

Front 16

aphasia

Back 16

verbal problems

Front 17

radiator hypothesis

Back 17

idea that selection for improved brain cooling through increased blood circulation in the brains of early hominids enabled the brain to grow larger

Front 18

neoteny

Back 18

process in which maturation is delayed and so an adult retains infant characteristics; ideas derived from the observation that newly evolved species resemble the young of their common ancestors

Front 19

species-typical behavior

Back 19

behavior that is characteristic of all members of a species

Front 20

culture

Back 20

learned behaviors that are passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and experience