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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who discovered Neurotransmitters?
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Loewi
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Loewi stated that...
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Cells communicated thru CHEMICALS
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Loewi's frog heart example...
ACh or Acetylcholine does: Epinephrine does: |
Slows heart down
Speeds heart up |
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Neurotranmitters:
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Messenger chemicals released by a neuron onto a target to cause excitatory or inhibatory effect
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"NT's" outside the nervous system are actually...
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HORMONES
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Hormones are faster or slower?
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slower,
EX: Insulin |
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Parkinson's Disease
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Mostly effects motor skills
1. Tremors 2. Muscle Rigidy |
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Parkinson's Timeline..
1860's 1919 1960's |
1. When the disease was named
2. When we started to understand how it was related to the brain (There is a difference in the midbrain: people with it have less Substantia Nigra) 3. People with it have less than 10% of dopamine in Basal Ganglia |
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Relating to Parkinson's, the Substantia Nigra does what?
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Neurons produce dopamine, and the axons end up in the Basal Ganglia
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The neurons in the Substantia Nigra produce dopamine, and the axons end up where?
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The Basal Ganglia
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Why isn't there a cure for Parkinson's Disease?
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If you give more dopamine, you would need a huge dose in order to get it across the blood-brain barrier.
Dopamine is the reward feeling Meaning you can easily get addicted to things with an excess amount of dopamine in your body |
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How many NT's do we know of?
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50
There are probably 50 + to discover |
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Are NT's excitatory or inhibatory?
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They can be excitatory in one place, and inhibatory in another
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Describe what is needed to be a NT
(4 things) |
1. Chemical must be synthesized or present in neuron
2. When released, chemical must produce a response in the target cell 3. Response must be obtained when chemical is experimentally placed on target 4. There must be a mechanism for removal after chemical work is done. (Reuptake, Diffuse, enzyme) |
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A NT does what?
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Send message to post-synaptic and pre-synaptic cell
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Classification of NT's
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1. Small Molecule
2. Peptide Transmitters 3. Transmitter Gases |
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Small Molecule NT's
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-quick acting
-made from dietary nutrients -can be replaced quickly ex: ACh, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, glutamate, histomine *This is a classification of NT's |
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ACh, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, glutamate, histomine are all examples of what?
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Small Molecule NT's
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What is the example of what happens to Small Molecule NT's, using Tyrosine?
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Tyrosine --> t-Dopa --> Dopamine --> Norepinephrine--> Epinephrine
*This is the current treatment for Parkinson's |
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Peptide Transmitters
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Slower to make
signaled to be made from DNA Act slowly, not replaced quickly EX: Opioids, vasopressin, oxytocin, insulin, growth hormone, releasing peptide |
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Peptide Transmitters are usually related to...
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Long term related stress, mother/infant bonds, regulating eating, drinking, pleasure, pain, learning
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Transmitter Gases
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Nitric Oxide
Synthesized in cells as needed Controls muscles in intestinal walls Dialates blood vessels in brain and sexual organs |
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What are the two kinds of receptors of NT's?
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1. Ionotropic
2. Metabotropic |
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Ionotropic
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Type of Receptor
directly opens ion gate |
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Metabotropic
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Type of Receptor
-Signals to a 2nd messenger and the 2nd substance opens the gate -slower process |
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The Four Major Activating Systems of NT's
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1. Cholinergic System
2. Dopaminergie System 3. Noradrenegie System 4. Serotonergic System |
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Cholinergic System (Acetycholina)
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-Active in maintaing waking electronencephalographic pattern in cortex
-play role in maintaining neuron excitability -death in cholinegic neurons and decrease in ACh in the neocortex thought to be related to Alzheimers Disease Major Activating System of NT's *Frontal cortex, corpus callosum, Basal forebrain nuclei, midbrain nuclei |
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Dopaminergic System (Dopamine)
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-Active in maintaining normal motor behavior
-Loss of DA related to muscle rigidity and ___ in parkinson's -Dop released involved in rewards and pleasure feeling -Thought to be the NT system most effected by addictive drugs -Increases DA activity may be related to Schizophrenia Major Activating System of NT's *Ventral Tegmentum, Caudate Nucleus, Cerebellum, Substantial Nigra |
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Noradrenegie System (Norepinephrine)
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-Active in maintain emotional tone
-Decreased in NE related to depression -Increase in NE thought to be related to mania (overexcited behavior) Major Activating System of NT *Locus Coeruleus |
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Serotonergic System
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-Maintain waking electroencephalgraphic pattern
-changes in serotonin related to OCD, tics, Schizophreni -Decreases in serotonin activity related to depression |
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Hebb Synapses
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-Synapses change with experience
-Can change to increase efficientcy, communication between the neurons |
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3 Diff Types of Learning
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1. Habituation
2. Sensitization 3. Associative |
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Habituation
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Type of learning
- Decreased response to a stimulus with repeated presentations of that stimulus * Less NT's being released! |
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Sensitization
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*Type of Learning
-Enhanced response to a stimulus -more NT's being released! |
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Associative
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Type of Learning
-A response elicitated by linking 2 or more unrelated stimuli |
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LTP
(Long Term Potentiation) |
In response to stimulation at a synapse, changed amplitude of an EPSP that lasts for hours to days or longer
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While learning, you're ______ connections to ________.
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Increasing
Neurons |
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Psychopharmacology
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Study of how drugs affect the nervous system and behavior
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Drugs
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Chemical compounds administered to bring about some change in the body
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Psychoactive Drugs
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Substances that act to alter mood, thought, or behavior. Some are used to manage neuropsychological illness.
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Different Ways to take drugs
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Injecting directing into the brain
Orally Injections in the muscle Inhaled into the lungs Injection to bloodstream Adhesive patches absorbed through the skin |
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How to eliminate drugs?
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-Break down in Kidneys, liver, intestine
-Excrete drugs in: Urine, feces, sweat, exhaled air, breast milk |
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Differences in response to drugs cause by...
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tolerance
chemical make-up (hormones) Weight Diet Age Sex Metabolic Rate |
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What to drugs do at the Synapse?
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Sythesis
Storage Release Receptor Interaction Reuptake Degradation |
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Agonist
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Increase effectiveness of an NT
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Antagonist
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Decrease effectiveness of an NT
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Storage
Store less: Store more: |
Drugs can work on this of an NT
Storing Less- antagonist Storing More- agonist |
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Effect on Receptor of NT
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-Block it so cant communicate with next cell (antagonist)
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Reuptake
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-If I take something that blocks reuptake (Antagonist)
-If I increase reuptake antagonist |
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Acetylcholine
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Tells your muscles what to do
Memory Agonist: Black Widow Spider Venom |
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How do we classify drugs?
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We classify drugs by behavioral effects
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What are examples of Anti-anxiety agents and sedative hypontics?
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Alcohol, Barbituates, and benzaodiazephines
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Anti- anxiety agents, sedative hypnotics effects_________________.
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anti anxiety agents and sedative hypnotics effect differs based on dose.
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Alcohol produces.....
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Alcohol produce coma at only slightly higher doses than sedation
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Examples of barbituates are...
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Sleeping pills and anesthesia.
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Examples of Benzodiazepines are...
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Valium. and minor tranquilizers (major life stresses)
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As you increase the dose of sedative-hypnotic drug... name these 8 steps.
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Normal
Relief from Anxiety Dishhibition Sedation Sleep General Anesthesia Coma Death |
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All of these drugs ( Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines) can lead to _____________.
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Tolerance
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Alcohol and Barbituates act like ______, causing increased ________.
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GABA
cholride |
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GABA is...
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Gaba is the act to control neural activity
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List 3 features of Anti-Depressants
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-Treat major depression
-6% at any one time (30% at some point) -There are 3 types of anti-depressant drugs |
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What are the 3 types of Anti-Depressant Drugs?
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1. MAO Inhibitors
Tricylic Antidepressants Second Generation Antidepressents |
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All 3 types of Anti-depressants (MAO inhibitors, trycyclic, and second generation are__________________________________________.
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Agonists for Serotonin, Norepinephrine, histamine, ACh, possibly dopamine.
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SGAD'S....
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Most commonly known
Prozac SSRI |
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MAO inhibits...
meaning______ is available for _____. |
break down of serotonin
noneserions, release |
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Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibtors block transporter protein for sertonin reuptake so that...
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Serotonin stays in the synaptic cleft longer.
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Both MAO inhibitors ??????? and selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors reduce_____________________________________.
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Both of these drugs reduce symptoms of depression by increased activation of postsynaptic cells.
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What are the three groups of Psychomotor stimulants?
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1. Behavioral
2. Coke 3. Amphetamines |
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Behavioral Psychomotor Stimulants...
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Increase motor behavior and elevate mood.
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Coke Psychomotor Stimulants...
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Freud recommended it as a antidepressant
Natural, from a plant. |
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Amphetamines (Psychomotor Stimulant)
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Used in the airforce (Meth, speed)
Used in over the counter weight-loss pills, |
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Both Coke and amphetamines are....
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Agonists on dopamine receptors. They make you happy = addictive meaning they work on the reward system part of the brain.
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What is a general stimulant, and give an example of one.
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The cause a general increase in metabolic activity
Ex. Caffine |
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What does Caffine, a general stimulant, do in your body?
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Inhibits an enzyme that breaks cAMP
(More glucose) (Agonist, increasing effectivness of cAMP) Increase blood flow to the brain (which can lead to headaches) |
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What are psychedelic stimulants and how many types are there?
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Psychedelic stimulants alter sensory perception and cognitive properties, and there are 4 types of them
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What are the 4 types of Psychedelic Stimulants?
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1. Acetylcholine
2. Norepinephrine 3. THC 4. Serotonin |
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What is Acetylcholine do, what type of drug is it?
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It is a psychedelic stimulant
It blocks or facilitates ACh caused either memory loss or increased ability to remember. |
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What does Norepinephrine do and what type of drug is it?
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It is a psychedelic stimulant
An example of it is Mescaline, (from a peyote cactus) and it is used for native american religious experiences. |
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What is THC involved in and what type of drug is it?
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It is a psychedelic stimulant
And it is the active ingriedient in weed |
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What is Serotonin, and what type of drug is it?
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It is a psychedelic stimulant,
Examples of it are LSD, Shrooms It stimulates some sertonin receptors, and blocks others. |
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Tolerance
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When you lessen you response to a drug over time.
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What are the 3 types of tolerance?
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1. Metabolic Level
2. Cellular Tolerance 3. Learned Tolerance? |
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Metabolic Level
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Metabolic level is the # of enzymes that break down alcohol increase. In other words, you are speeding up the breakdown of alcohol. (You get an increase in metabolism)
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Cellular Tolerance
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Activities of the brain adjust to minimize the effects of alcohol (aka fewer behaviors effects)
Also, there is a change in the neurons responding to alcohol. |
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Learned Tolerance
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How to cope with the daily demands of living while under alcohol's influence (aka not appear drunk)
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Tolerance is similar to....
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Tolerance is similar to habituation!
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Sensitization
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Increased response to a drug over time.
Most often occurs with OCCASIONAL use. *Sensitation lower in home cage |
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Substance Abuse
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A pattern of drug use in which people rely on a drug chronically and excessively, allowing it to occupy a central place in their lives.
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Addiction
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A substance dependence. It is a physical dependence on a drug, Addicted people have developed tolerance, and need larger doses. May experience withdrawal.
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Addiction is causes by_________.
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Dopamine
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Why is addiction caused by dopamine?
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1. Animals will press a lever to get dopamine system stimulation. Will stop if dopamine receptors are blocked.
2. Abused drugs seem to cause the release of dopamine or prolong its activity in the synapse. 3. Drugs that are major tranquilizers or block dopamine receptors are not abused. (I.e. Valium) |
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How many stages of addiction are there?
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Three
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What are the 3 stages of addiction?
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1. Activation of pleasure by drug taking
2. Pleasure is associated (associative learning) with drug cues. 3. Attributing incentive salience with cues associated with drug use. Acts that lead to drug taking become attractive. |
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What is the Incentive Sentization Theory
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Wanting and liking.
As wanting curve increases, the liking curve decreases. |
