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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pituitary Adenoma
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Anterior Pituitary tumor
Rare in Children May be endocrine active |
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Craniopharyngioma
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Benign congenital: mostly in children
Not endocrine active but does expand upward |
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Hypothalamic Syndrome/Hypopituitarism
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Compression of pituitary stalk therefore tropic hormones from hypothalamus aren't released which causes decreased pituitary hormones
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Hypothalamic Hamartoma
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Mass near hypothalamus
Causes change in diet, hyperactivity, euphoria, headaches and FTT |
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What nucleus in Hypothalamus regulates temp?
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Anterior N.
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What hypothalamic nuclei regulate volume and osmolarity?
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SFO (Ang II), OVLT (Na) and SON (ADH)
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What hypothalamic n. receives food intake inputs and what n. send outputs?
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Arcuate N. receives inputs and PVN/Lat.N. send output
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Kluver- Bucy Syndrome
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Bilateral Temporal Lobectomy
Flat emotions, lack of fear, hypersexuality, orally fixated, visual agnosia |
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How does damage to the hippocampus affect memory?
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Inability to form new memories
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Stimulation of Amygdala produces...
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Fear, frustration, anger, rage and violence
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What part of the limbic system recognizes fear in others?
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Left Amygdala
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Urbach-Wiethe Disease
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Bilateral calcification near the amygdala produces a human Kluver Bucey Syndrome
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What receptor is responsible for rewarding feelings?
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Dopamine D2 Receptor
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Reward Deficiency Syndrome
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Decrease in D2 Receptor
Impulsive behavior, compulsive behavior, personality disorders and addictive behavior |
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What part of the cingulate cortex regulates attention to pain?
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Anterior Cingulate Cortex
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Korsakoff Syndrome
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Damage to mamillary bodies as a result of chronic alcoholism
Have difficulty forming new memories, temperospacial disorientation, and confabulation |
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Autonomic Neurotransmitters
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ACh, NE and E
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What neurons are shared between autonomic and somatic neurons?
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Secondary Neurons
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Sympathetic afferents control...
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visceral pain
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Parasympathetic afferents control...
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unconscious reflexes
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Neuroblastoma
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Adrenal Gland Tumor
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Pheochromocytoma
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Tumor releasing catecholamines
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Orthostatic Intolerance
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Increased heart rate with standing, light headedness, abnormal sweating
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Neurally-mediated syncope
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fainting with standing
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Explicit Memory
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Conscious recollection of facts and experiences
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Where is explicit memory located?
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Short term: Hippocampus
Long term: Cortex |
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Implicit Memory
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Unconscious, emotional and motor memory
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Where is implicit memory located?
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Striatum, Cerebellum and Amygdala
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What type of amnesia would result from bilateral removal of the Hippocampus?
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Anterograde- no new explicit memories
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Part of brain activated during Working Memory
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Dorsal and lateral prefrontal cortex
Damage results in problems planning, solving problems and maintaining attention |
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Impulsivity is regulated in what part of the brain?
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Orbital and medial prefrontal cortex
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Long Term Potentiation (neuroplasticity)
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Increasing the number of AMPA receptors to strengthen existing synapses and produce new synapses: increases strength of communication between two neurons
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Protein in neurofibrillary tangles
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Tau
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Alzheimer's Diagnostic hallmarks
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neuronal loss, neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques
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Biggest risk factor for Alzheimers
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Age
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Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Term for individuals with memory loss but no other cognitive decline
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Alzheimer's susceptibility gene
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ApoE
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Neurotransmitter implicated in Alzheimer's
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ACh
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Cortical Dementias
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Alzheimer's, Pick's Disease, Lewy Body Dementia
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Subcortical Dementias
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Parkinson's, Huntington's, Wilson's, Progressive supranuclear palsy, spinocerebellar degeneration, Olivo-ponto-cerebellar degeneration and dementia secondary to MS
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Characteristics of subcortical dementias
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mental and motor slowing
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Pick's Disease
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Rare
Frontal and Ant. Temporal lobe atrophy Degeneration leads to disinhibition and hyperorality |
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Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
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Clinical symptoms:
Cognitive disturbance, gait apraxia, and urinary incontinence |
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Rett's Disorder
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Normal development for first 5mos. of life but then gradual deceleration of head growth accompanied by loss of purposeful hand skills and hand wringing
Almost exclusively female |
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Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
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Normal development for first two years but between ages 2 and 10 there is loss of bowel and bladder control in addition to decreased motor and social skills
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Asperger Syndrome
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Autistic disorder characterized by social impairment and the restrictive/repetitive behavior
**No language delay or cognitive impairment |
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Bipolar Disorder
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One or more manic or misxed episodes
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Mania: DIGFAST
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Distractibility, Impulsive behavior, grandiosity, fast or racing thoughts, increased activity, decreased sleep and talking rapidly
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