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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Central Nervous System
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CNS located in the skull and spine
composed of brain and spinal cord |
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Peripheral nervous system
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PNS located outside the skull and spinal cord
composed of somatic ns and autonomic ns serves to bring info into the CNS and carry signal out of CNS |
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Somatic nervous system
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interacts with the external environment
composed of afferent nerves and efferent nerves |
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Afferent Nerves
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carry sensory signals from skin, joints, eyes, ears, etc. to the CNS
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Efferent Nerves
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carry motor signals from CNS to the skeletal muscles
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Regulates internal environment
sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic motor nerves |
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Two stage neural path
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sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons project form the CNS and go part way to target organ, synapse on second-stage neurons that carry signal rest of way
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sympathetic neurons synapse on second-stage neurons....
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substantial distance from target organ
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parasympathetic neurons synapse on second-stage neurons....
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near target organ
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Sympathetic Nerves
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project form the CNS in the lumbar and thoracic regions of spinal cord.
simulate, organize, and mobilize energy resources in threatening situations- fight or flight indicative of psychological arousal |
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Parasympathetic Nerves
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project from the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord
act to conserve energy, rest and restore indicative of psychological relaxation |
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Meninges
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protective membranes (3)
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Dura Mater
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tough, outer membrane of the meninges
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Arachnoid membrane
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middle membrane of the meninges. web-like.
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Subarachnoid space
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space beneath arachnoid membrane, contains large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid
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Pia Mater
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innermost membrane of the meninges. delicate. adheres to the CNS surface.
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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serves as cushion. fills the subarachnoid space, central canal of spinal cord, and the cerebral ventricles of the brain
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Blood-brain barrier
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mechanism that impedes the passages of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain
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Neurons
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Cells that transmit and receive electrochemical signals
specialized in reception, conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals |
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Dendrite
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receive signals
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Soma
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Body of cell
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Axon
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projects from cell body, carries signal
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Myelin Sheath
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fatty, insulation around axon
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Nodes of Ranvier
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gaps between sections of myelin
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Synapses
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gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted
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Nucleus
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contains DNA
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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system of folded membranes in cell body
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ER with ribosomes
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rough-synthesizes proteins
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ER without ribosomes
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smooth-synthesizes fats
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Ribosome
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structures on which proteins are sythesized
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Golgi complex
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system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles
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Mitochondria
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sites of aerobic (oxygen-consuming) energy release
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Microtubules
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responsible for rapid transport of material throughout neuron
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Synaptic vesicles
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located in synapse, spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready for release
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Neurotransmitter
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molecules that are release in synapse that influence activity of other cells
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Cell membrane
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lipid bilayer- 2 layers of fat molecules
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Channel protein
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certain molecules can pass through cell membrane
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Signal protein
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transfer a signal to the inside of neuron when particular molecules bind to outside of cell membrane
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Unipolar Neuron
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one process extending from cell body
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Bipolar Neuron
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2 processes extending from cell body
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Multipolar Neuron
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more than 2 processes extending from cell body
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Interneurons
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short axon, or no axon. job is to integrate neural activity within a single brain structure, not to conduct signals between structures.
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Glial Cells
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support neurons
outnumber neurons 10:1 |
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Oligodendrocytes
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extensions rich in myelin.
create myelin sheaths in CNS |
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Schwann Cells
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create myelin sheaths in PNS
guide axonal regenerations (regrowth) |
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Astrocytes
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largest glia
star shaped many functions |
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Microglia
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smallest glia
respond to injury and disease |
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Anterograde tracing
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forward
to where axons project away from an area |
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Retrograde tracing
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backward
from where axons are projecting into an area |
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Spinal cord
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gray matter, white matter, dorsal and ventral horns
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gray matter
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inner component. primarily cell bodies
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white matter
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outer area mainly myelinated axons
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Dorsal Horns
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afferent, sensory, nerves.
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Ventral Horns
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efferent, motor, nerves
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Divisions of the brain
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Telencephalon
Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon |
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Forebrain
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telencephalon
diencephalon |
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midbrain
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mesencephalon
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hindbrain
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metencephalon
myelencephalon |
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Myelencephalon
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MEDULLA
composed largely of tracts origin of the reticular formation most posterior involuntary functions-breathing, heart rate, blood pressure |
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Metencephalon
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PONS AND CEREBELLUM
many tracts- includes reticular formation |
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Pons
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ventral surface of the brain stem
breathing and eyesight |
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Cerebellum
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Coordination and balance
sensory motor structure |
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Mesencephalon
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MIDBRAIN
includes reticular formation and substantia nigra |
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Reticular Formation
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netlike structure that occupies the myelencephalon to the midbrain. Variety of functions.
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Substantia nigra
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important component of the sensorimotor system
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Diencephalon
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THALAMUS AND HYPOTHALAMUS
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Thalamus
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2 lobed structure at top of brain stem
operator. sends messages to other parts of brain |
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Hypothalamus
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Below thalamus
Aggression, fear, sexual behavior. Regulates sleep, appetite, temperature, and water. Regulates release of hormones from the pituitary gland |
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Telencephalon
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CEREBRAL CORTEX
LOBES LIMBIC SYSTEM BASAL GANGLIA |
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Corpus Callosum
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connects the two hemispheres
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Limbic system
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Mammillary Bodies,Hippocamus, Amygdala, Fornix, Cingulate, Septum
regulation of motivated behaviors 4 Fs: fleeing, feeding, fighting, sexual behavior |
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Hippocampus
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converts STM to LTM
recalling spatial relationships Limbic system |
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Amygdala
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memory, emotion, fear
Limbic system |
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Cingulate gyrus
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highly influential in linking behavioral outcomes to motivation
Limbic system |
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Prefrontal gyrus
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frontal lobe
executive functions cognitive processes planning and control |
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Postcentral gyrus
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parietal lobe
sensory reception Somasensory!!! Sense of touch! |
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Neocortex
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involved in higher functions
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lobes
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frontal
parietal occipital temporal |