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35 Cards in this Set

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What are the five main groups of plant hormones?
Auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene.
What roles do auxins play in the plant?
Inhibits growth of lateral buds; stimulates stem elongation, root growth, differentiation and branching, apical dominance, development of fruit; instrumental in phototropism and gravitropism.
What role of gibberellins did we discuss in class?
Elongates entry nodes.
What effect does ethylene have on fruit ripening?
It promotes it.
What is the difference between short-day and long-day plants?
Short day plants flower only if daylight is shorter than some critical length. Usually flower in late summer or fall as the days become shorter. For example, strawberries, poinsettias, potatoes, soybeans. Long-day plants usually flower in the spring or early summer; they flower if light periods are longer than a critical length. (peas, lettuce, oats)
How do plants manage to get pollen transferred between flowers?
By animals and wind.
What are the characteristics of wind-pollinated flowers?
Produce enormous amounts of lightweight, non sticky pollen; lack showy floral parts or strong fragrances; have well-exposed stamens and large stigmas; have a single ovule in each ovary; and have many flowers packed into each inflorescence.
http://www.saburchill.com/images03/250807024.jpg

rye grass
Bird-pollinated flowers
Flowers are bright and red, and generally odorless.
Bat-pollinated flowers
Open at night, usually white and strongly scented, often with a fruity odor. They must be large and sturdy while being big enough to provide the pollinator with enough pollen.
Fly pollinated flowers
Reddish brown with the fragrance of rotting flesh.
What is a fruit and what is it's role?
It's a product of a flower, occurs only in flowering plants, develops from the ovary. It is important because it protects developing seeds and may help disperse mature seeds from the parent plant.
What are the characteristics of a simple fruit?
Arises from a single ovary of flower. Dry fruit becomes leathery, papery, or woody at maturity. Fleshy fruit is where a portion or all of the fruit wall is fleshy at maturity.
What are the characteristics of an aggregate fruit?
Arises from a number of separate ovaries attached to the single receptacle of one flower. For example, raspberry, blackberry, strawberry.
What are the characteristics of a multiple fruit?
Develops from a number of individual ovaries of flowers grouped closely together. A fruit is produced from each flower, these fruits remain together in a single mass. For example, pineapple, mulberry, osage orange.
What are the characteristics of a dehiscent fruit?
Opens when ripe. a. Follicle-develops from a simple pistil, opens along one side only. For example, milkweed, columbine, larkspur. b. Legume-develops from a single pistil, opens along two sides. For example, bean, pea. c. capsule-develops froma compound pistil with two or more carpels, Opens in a variety of ways. For example, poppy, iris.
What are the characteristics of an indehiscent fruit?
Does not open at maturity. a. Achene-small, one seeded; seed coat does not adhere to fruit wall. For example, dandelion, sunflower. b. grain or caryopsis-seed coat is fused with fruit wall. For example, corn, wheat, rye, barley, rice. c. samara-usually one seeded, has a wing formed by an extension of the ovary wall. For example, maple, ash, elm. d. nut-a rather large, one seeded, fruit, enclosed by a hard, stony or woody fruit all. For example, acorn.
What are the characteristics of a many-seeded fruit?
a. Berry-always develops from a superior ovary; entire fruit is fleshy at maturity. For example tomato, grape, date, red pepper, eggplant. b. hesperidium-leather out covering. For example, citrus fruits. c. pome-fleshy receptacle, leathery core. For example, apples, pears.
What are the characteristics of a single seeded fruit?
Drupe-fleshy part encloses a stone or pit which encloses a single seed. For example, plum, peach, apricot, almond, avocado.
How is the embryo formed?
The megaspore mother cell forms in the ovule, divides through meiosis into four megaspores, three of which die and one grows into an embryo sac.
What happens after the pollen tube gets to the micropyle?
The 2 sperm cells move through the pollen tube to a small opening in the ovule, the micropyle. Then the sperm enters the embryo sac in the ovule through one of the synergids (cell next to the egg).
What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?
Pollination- the pollen goes from teh anther to the stigma and down the pollen tube. Fertilization - the pollen bonds with the egg and makes babies.
What happens when the pollen gets to the stigma?
It goes down the pollen tube to an opening in the ovule. One sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other fertilizes the polar nuclei.
Butterfly pollinated flowers
Color: variable commonly pink. odor: moderately strong; sweet. nectar is present.
bee-pollinated flowers
color: variable but not solid red. Odor: usually sweet. Nectar is present.
How do plants sense day length?
Through the pigment Phytochrome. "Pr" at night. "Pfr" converted during the day.
What is meiosis?
Creation of sex cells.
What is "double fertilization"?
One sperm fertilizes the egg, one fertilizes polar nuclei.
What is the difference between dominant and recessive genes?
Dominant genes determine the physical trait. GG or Gg = dominant. gg = recessive.
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype = genetic code of the genes (Gg). Phenotype = physical trait of the gene (green).
What are the stages of meiosis?
Prophase 1: Chromosomes replicated and homologous chromosomes pair up. Metaphase 1: Pairs line up on the middle. Anaphase 1: Homologous pairs separate, one chromosome from each pair moves to opposite ends. Metaphase 2: chromosomes align in the middle perpendicularly to how they were lined in Metaphase 1. Anaphase 2: move to other sides. Telophase 2: nuclear envelopes form around each haploid nucleus.
What does "true breeding" mean?
Both traits about to breed are homozygous (GG and gg).
What are the roles of the parts of a plant?
Anther: forms pollen. Stigma: inherits pollen. Style: pollen goes down this. Ovary: where pollen fertilizes. Receptacle: where all the floral parts attach.
How is the endosperm formed?
The fusion of a sperm cell with 2 polar nuclei.
What is incomplete dominance?
Phenotype is intermediate between parents. For example, red and white flower = pink flower.
What is the purpose of meiosis?
To create 4 haploid sex cells from 2 diploid cells.