Botany: Chapter 22 Final

Front 1

List three modern groups of seedless plants and two groups ofmodern seed plants

Back 1

three seedless: bryophytes, lycophytes, andpteridophytes

two seeds: gymnosperms andangiosperms.

Front 2

Distinguish land plants from their closest green algal relatives,by listing four plant-specific features

Back 2

1. tissue-producing apical merstem

2. tough-walled spores produced in multi sporangia

3. alternation of two multicellular generations

4. dependent embryo

Front 3

Discuss some ways in which seedless plants are useful to humans and their environments

Back 3

Mosses are valued in gardening and as soil conditioners, peatmosses help to reduce climate fluctuations, ferns are widelyused as houseplants and in landscape design

Front 4

bryophtes

Back 4

nonvascular, simple

mosses, etc to larger more complex vascular plants

Front 5

vascular plants

Back 5

those having lignified conduct-ing tissues (Chapters 9, 10)—include ferns and close relatives,which do not produce seeds, plus the seed plants

Front 6

Why is it important to knowsomething about plant diversity

Back 6

is that allplant groups are important tohumans and other animals.Humans are most dependentupon the seed plants for foodand other materials, but seed-less plants—bryophytes, lyco-phytes, and pteridophytes—are also useful to people Apical meristem Sporopollenin coat Embryo Archegonium and essential to the healthyfunctioning of ecosystems

Front 7

Discuss shared, derived traits that indicate descent of earliestland plants from ancestral streptophyte green algae

Back 7

1. similar cell division systems

2.plasmodesmata

3. sporopollenin

Front 8

List three tough molecules that aid plant survival on land andcontribute to the formation of plant fossils

Back 8

Sporopollenin, lignin, and cutin aid plant survival on land andalso foster preservation of plant tissues as fossils

Front 9

Describe how fossils of an extinct plant group help us to under-stand the origin of modern vascular plants

Back 9

Fossils of the extinct plants known as protracheophytes illustrateevolutionary transition from bryophyte-like unbranched sporo-phytes to vascular plant-like branched sporophytes

Front 10

Make a timeline showing the sequence of appearance of majorplant groups

Back 10

1) strepto-phyte algae appeared before the first land plants

2) amongbryophytes, liverworts diverged earliest and hornworts latest

3) seedless vascular plants diverged later than any bryophytegroup

4) seed plants arose from ancestors among theseedless vascular plants

Front 11

Lignin

Back 11

a complex polymer of phenolic subunits confers waterproofing, resistance to compression anddecay, and other properties useful in water conduction

Front 12

Paleobotany

Back 12

the study of plant fossils, which are very useful forestimating the ages of plant groups

Front 13

Explain the concept “descent with modification” and give anexample from plant evolutionary history.

Back 13

a concept pioneered by CharlesDarwin, explains how ancestral features can be inherited andtransformed in the descendants. One example is the utilizationby early land plants of the inherited ability to make tough spo-ropollenin to encase spores with this material, thereby fosteringspore survival in air

Front 14

Discuss how zygote cell division differs in plants and their streptophyte algal relatives

Back 14

Land plant zygotes undergo mitosis to generate a diploid spo-rophyte generation that can produce many spores by meiosis.By contrast, zygotes of streptophyte algae undergo meiosis toproduce relatively few spores. Delay in meiosis allows plants toproduce many more spores per zygote

Front 15

Explain how delay in meiosis might aid plant reproduction inthe terrestrial environment

Back 15

early land plant inherited from algal ancestors flagellatesperm that need water to swim to eggs, the relatively dry terres-trial environment might have limited the ability of early land plantsto produce zygotes. Delay in meiosis would allow early plantsproducing just a few zygotes to compensate for this limitation

Front 16

Distinguish lycophylls from euphylls and explain how the lattermight have originated

Back 16

-Are leaves having just a single vein that are pro-duced by lycophytes; euphylls are leaves having a more extensive, branched vascular system and are produced by fernsand seed plants

-may have originated some ferneuphylls might have originated from a branched stem systemby overtopping, planation, and webbing.

Front 17

List the three modern groups of bryophytes and explain theirrelationships.

Back 17

1) earliest-divergingliverworts

2) next-diverging mosses

3) most-recentlydiverging hornworts, the closest relatives of vascular plants

Front 18

Explain how lycophytes differ from bryophytes and pteridophytes

Back 18

lycophytes possess true stems and relatively small leavesthat typically possess an un-branched vein with xylem; thoughmosses and some liverworts produce leaf-shaped and stem-likestructures, these lack a vascular system with xylem. Most pte-ridophytes possess relatively large leaves having a branchedvascular system.

Front 19

List three major types of pteridophytes

Back 19

1. whisk ferns

2. horsetails

3. ferns

Front 20

Explain what heterospory is, why it is important, and whatseedless plants display this feature.

Back 20

is a trait in which two types of spores, smallermicrospores and larger megaspores, are produced within twotypes of megasporangia borne on leaves known as sporo-phylls. Male gametophytes develop and are dispersed withinmicrospores, protected

Heterospory increasesthe ability of plants to disperse sperm-producing gametophytein air, and decreases inbreeding. Heterospory is also importantbecause its acquisition

Front 21

placental transfer cells

Back 21

they function much like the placenta of placental mammals.