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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Boustrophedon
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Written lines alternating from right-to-left, then left-to-right. Literally "as the ox plows" (Greek).
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Cuneiform
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Sumerian wedge-shaped writing. Literally "sacred carvings" or "writings of the gods." Generally written from right to left.
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Hieroglyph
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Egyptian pictorial writing, used later by the Babylonians, Assyrians, and others.
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Hieratic
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A form of Egyptian cursive writing based on hieroglyphics. Generally on papyrus written in ink with a reed pen. Used by priests.
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Demotic
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A form of Egyptian cursive writing based on hieroglyphics. Used for business and literary texts.
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Rosetta Stone
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Used to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics; a black basalt stone found in 1799 with an inscription in hieroglyphics, demotic writing, and Greek.
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Pictograph or pictogram
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Picture of a thing, symbolizing that thing (usually simplified in form).
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Ideograph or ideogram
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Picture symbolizing an idea or concept.
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Phonogram
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A picture that equals a sound; either a syllable or letter.
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Logogram (or logograph)
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A single written character which represents a complete word. E.g., 8 is a logogram for "eight" (in English).
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Determinative
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A sign that indicates the category or context and thus helps determine the meaning.
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Lapidary writing
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Writing carved in stone; also known as "monumental writing." Roman square capitals" refer to the written version.
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Majuscule
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CAPITAL LETTERS (UPPER CASE)
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Minuscule
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small letters (lower case)
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Papyrus
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Writing material made from cyperus papyrus plant (native to Nile River region).
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Parchment
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Sheep or goatskin prepared for writing or printing.
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Vellum
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Calf, lamb, or kidskin prepared for writing or printing.
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Block book (xylographic book)
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Book printed from wood blocks (illustration and text).
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Codex
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The modern rectangular form of the book (plural: codices).
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Palimpsest
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Parchment reused by erasing old writing; sometimes previous writing shows through or is recoverable by means of ultraviolet light.
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Leaf
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(Latin: folium) one leaf equals two pages of a manuscript or book.
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Foliate
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To number one side of a leaf (paginate: both sides are numbered).
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Illuminate/Illumination
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Decorated initials, borders, and miniatures, using colors and gold.
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Historiated initial
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A letter containing an identifiable scene or figures.
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Miniature
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A painted illustration in a manuscript (from "minium" or cinnabar, a red pigment used by "miniators").
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Rubricate
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Using red ink in a manuscript for emphasis (rubric) often for a title or chapter heading.
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Incipit
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Latin: "here begins..."
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Explicit
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Announcement of the end of the work or textual unit; sometimes introduces the colophon.
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Colophon
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Statement at the end of some manuscripts and printed books, giving information about its production, such as the name of the copylist or printer, date, title, author, etc.
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Exemplar
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Official copy of a scholastic text made by a stationer under the control of a medieval university used by a scribe or student; a copy text.
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Pecia system
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Latin: "piece." Used from the 13th century on, a system in which university-approved exemplars were divided into sections and hired out by stationers to scribes for copying.
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Book of hours
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Book used in the private devotions (by lay people). Central text: Little Office of the Virgin Mary (or Hours of the Virgin). Includes other sections such as a calendar, litany of the saints, Office of the Dead, etc. Known from the 10th century; more common from the end of the 12th century.
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Gospels
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The four books that begin the New Testament: Matthew, Mark, Luke & John.
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Missal
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Mass services for the year, including prayers, rites, etc. Used by a priest.
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Psalter
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The Book of Psalms for either liturgical or private devotional use (especially before the emergence of the book of hours).
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Breviary
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Prayers, hymns, etc. for daily recitation of the canonical hours.
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Cellulose fiber
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Fiber from plants, e.g. cotton, linen, hemp, jute, etc.
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Couching
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Transferring a freshly made sheet of paper onto another surface such as felt.
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Deckle
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Wood frame that rests on or is hinged on the mold. It creates the deckle edge.
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Fourdrinier machine
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Standard papermaking machine invented in France by Nicolas-Louis Robert circa 1798 (perfected 1806). First machine to make a continuous roll of paper (web).
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Furnish
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The materials from which paper is manufactured.
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Hollander beater
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Piece of equipment used for Western papermaking that beats and hydrates the fibers prior to sheet forming.
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Laid paper
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Paper made on a laid-line screen (with chain and wire marks).
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Mold (or mould)
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Wood frame covered with a surface on which paper is formed.
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Post
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Stack of freshly made paper sheets (interleaved with felts).
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Pulp
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Substance that paper is made from, i.e. beaten fiber and water.
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Rag
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Cotton or linen cloth used for pulp.
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Size (or sizing)
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Products applied to the surface of paper that can decrease the absorbency and act as an adhesive to strengthen the sheet. Can be synthetic, animal (glue), or vegetable (potato starch).
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Stuff
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Pulp ready for papermaking
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Waterleaf
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Unsized paper
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Wove (or woven paper)
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Paper made on a woven wire screen.
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