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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the purpose of IV therapy? |
It infuses fluids into the veins for the purpose of - fluids - blood - blood products - medications - nutrients (vitamins, minerals, electrolytes, carbohydrates, proteins and/or fatty acids) |
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What is a Central Venous Catheter? |
An intravenous catheter that is placed in a large blood vessel, such as the subclavian vein in the chest. |
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What is a drop factor? |
The calibrated number of drops per mL for intravenous tubing. |
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What are electrolytes? |
Ions (such as sodium, potassium and chloride) that are necessary for normal cell function. |
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What is the epidural space? |
In the spine, the space between the dura mater and the vertebrae bone. |
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What is the flow rate? |
The amount of fluid infused into a vein over a specified period of time. |
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What is infusion? |
The introduction of fluids into the body through a vein for therapeutic purposes. |
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What is Intrathecal space? |
The fluid-filled space surrounding the spinal cord. |
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What is maintenance fluids? |
Intravenous fluids prescribed to maintain normal fluid balance in the body. |
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What is Oncotic pressure? |
The pressure exerted by plasma proteins that tend to pull water from intracellular and interstitial spaces into the circulatory system. |
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What is Peripheral intravenous catheter? |
An intravenous catheter placed in an extremity such as an arm or a leg. |
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What are replacement fluids? |
Intravenous fluids prescribed to replace fluids lost through injury or illness |
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What is viscosity? |
The degree to which a fluid is thick and sticky. Fluids that are viscous have a high resistance to flow. |
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In math for meds, what is gr? |
A grain? |
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How many grains (gr) in a gram? |
15 grains in a gram |
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How many milligrams in a grain? |
There are 60mg in a grain, with the exception of aspirin or acetaminophen, of where there is 65mg. |
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How many mL in a dram? |
There are 4 mL in a dram. |
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How many mL in an ounce? |
There are 30mL in an ounce (oz.) |
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How many mL in a tsp? |
There are 5 mL in a teaspoon. |
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How many mL in a Tbsp? |
There are 15mL in a tablespoon |
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How many pounds in a kg? |
There are 2.2 lbs in a kilogram (kg) |
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Which weights more, a kg or a pound? |
A kilogram. There are 2.2 lbs in a kilogram. |
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How many centimeters in an inch? |
2.54 centimeters in an inch |
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How many milliunits in a unit? |
1000 milliunits in a unit |
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What is the formula for Fahrenheit? |
F= (9/5 x C) + 32 |
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What is the formula for Celsius? |
C= 5/9 x (F - 32) |
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How many minims in a gtt? |
1 minim in a gtt |
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How many mL in a pint? |
500mL in a pint |
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How many Liters in a quart? |
1 Liter in a quart |
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How many mL in 4 drams? |
15 mL |
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How many mL in a unit? |
100 mL in a unit |
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How many pints are in a quart? |
There are 2 pints in a quart |
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How many ounces are in a tablespoon? |
There is a 1/2 oz. in a Tbsp |
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What is the IV Flow Rate Formula in gtt/min? |
gtt/min = |
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What are the necessary checks and safety precautions taken before infusing IV fluids? |
1.Check the Provider's order to ensure the correct type of fluid is selected. IV fluids are considered 'medications', follow the 6 rights and 3 checks before beginning an infusion. 2. Inspect outer wrapping for tears or puncture marks. If it has been compromised, follow facility's policy for disposal. 3. Check the expiration date on the IV bag. Do not use one that has expired. Remove it from the storage container and send to the appropriate department for disposal. 4. Remove bag from outer wrapper. Check bag for puncture marks or leaks. It may feel damp from condensation but should not be leaking fluid 5.Look at the solution to see if it is discolored or contains any solid matter 6. Apply the appropriate labels to the bag as required by the facility's policy. 7. Before the IV tubing is connected to the patient, it must be primed to purge any air. |
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What does an IV set refer to? |
It refers to the tubing through which IV fluid is infused. Administration sets are categorized as primary or secondary depending upon the purpose of the IV infusion. |
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What is the purpose of a primary IV administration set? |
It is the IV tubing set that infuses the main IV solution. |
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Describe the primary IV administration set. |
* Primary tubing is is long (39 - 100 inches) to allow patient to move freely. * At one end of the tubing is an insertion spike * Below the spike is a drip chamber and inside it is a small metal or plastic tube that allows fluid from the infusion bag to enter the drip chamber freely. * The drip chamber comes in different drop factors: 10, 15, 20 (macrodrip tubing) or 60 gtt/mL (microdrip tubing) * Along the tubing is at least one roller or slide clamp * Along the tubing is one or two injection ports |
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What is the purpose of a secondary IV administration set? |
They are used to infuse medications that are needed intermittently (like antibiotics) or continuously (like insulin), but at a very slow infusion rate. |
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Describe the seondary IV administration set. |
* They are shorter than primary administration sets * They have a spiked end and a roller clamp, but do not have extra infusion ports. * Also called piggyback sets because they piggyback onto primary IV tubing. |
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What is a drip controller? |
It is an IV electronic device that operates by gravity flow. The drops falling in the drip chamber are counted by a drop sensor instead of by human. |
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What is an infusion pump? |
An electronic device that infuses fluids by pressure (measured in pounds per square inch or psi). The pump propels fluid through the tubing by using a pumping chamber. |
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What are the advantages of an infusion pump? |
* Safety alarms can alert when infusions are complete or when air is detected in the tubing * They are able to regulate flow better, in particularly, when the fluid is viscous * some contain software that can aid in reducing medication errors |
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what is a syringe pump? |
An electronic device designed to infuse small volumes of medication contained in a syringe instead of an IV bag. Some work independently of the IV pump, are integrated in the main IV pump or come as an attachment to the main IV pump. |
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What are the different types of IV fluids? |
* Crystalloids (sodium chlorides, dextroses, ringer's lactate) * Colloids (albumin, dextran, hetastarch) |
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What is manual gravity flow? |
Infusing fluids without the use of an electronic infusion device. The rate at which the fluid flows through the IV line depends on numerous factors. The gravity flow infusions are measure in drops per minute (gtt/min). The nurse must count the drops falling into the drip chamber and adjust the roller clamp until the desired flow is achieved. |
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What affects the rate at which fluid flows through a manual gravity flow IV line? |
* The height of the IV line in relation to the patient (the higher the bag, the faster the flow rate) * the size of the IV tubing (the smaller, the slower) * the roller clamps position * kinks in the IV tubing * increased viscosity of the IV fluid * a small IV catheter * a small vein * the presence of clots in the IV catheter |
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What is the advantage of a manual gravity flow IV? |
No specialized equipment is needed |
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What are the disadvantages of a manual gravity flow IV? |
* They are time intensive for a nurse * carry a risk of not flowing properly for many reasons |
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What are the necessary components of an IV label? |
* Patient ID info * the name of the fluid (0.9% sodium chloride, etc.) * the name and dosage of additives or meds (ampicillin 500mg, etc.) * the flow rate of the infusion (gtt/min or mL/hr) * the date and time the IV was opened * the initials of the nurse who prepared the fluid |
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How quickly do IV fluids expire? |
24 to 96 hours of the bag being spiked |
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When does IV tubing expire? |
24 to 96 hours after it's removal from it's sterile packaging, depending on the fluid being infused. * fat emulsions = 24 hours * 0.9% normal saline = 96 hours |
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What is required on labeling of IV tubing? |
* date and time tubing was opened * expiration date and time * initials of the nurse |
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What is the difference between a peripherally inserted catheter and a centrally inserted catheter? |
* A peripherally inserted catheter is placed in the hands, wrists or arms * A centrally inserted catheter is placed into a large vessel such as a jugular or subclavian vein |
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Describe catheter-acquired urinary tract infections. |
* They account for 31% of health care associated infections (HAIs) * Causative organism is usually E. Coli * Less frequently caused by Pseudomonas * CAUTIs are the most common HAIs and are caused by the development of bacterial biofilms found on the catheter's inner surface |
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How can catheter-acquired urinary tract infections be prevented? |
* scrupulous aseptic technique * do not routinely irrigate catheter * maintain patency of the catheter * manage fluid intake * provide for the patient's comfort and safety * prevent infection * address the psychological implications of urinary drainage (embarrassment, altered body image, increased dependency) |
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What are the complications of urinary catheterization? |
Complications of long term use include: * HAIs * bladder spasms * periurethral abscess * pain * urosepsis * UTI's * urethral trauma or erosion * fistula or stricture formation * formulation of stones
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How many Liters is 672 mL? |
.672L |
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How many mL is .45L? |
450mL |
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How many grams is 23 kg? |
23,000g |
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How many mcg is .992mg? |
992mcg |
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What is a nursing diagnosis? |
A clinical judgement about individual, family, or community responses to actual or potential health problems/ life processes. It follows the assessment phase of the nursing process. |
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If a plan or goal statement is written in SMART format, what does it stand for? |
* Specific * Measurable * Attainable * Realistic * Timed |
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What are the seven steps to a nursing care plan? |
Step One: Diagnosis Statement Step Two: Diagnosis Format Step Three: Prioritize Diagnoses Step Four: Diagnosis supported by Subjective and Objective Data Step Five: Plan or Goal Statements Step Six: Nursing Interventions with rationale Step Seven: Evaluation |
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What is ABGs and why is it tested? |
Arterial Blood Gases. To evaluate lung function by measuring blood pH, oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2); to monitor treatment for lung diseases; to detect an acid-base imbalance in your blood, which may indicate a respiratory, metabolic, or kidney disorder; to evaluate the effectiveness of oxygen therapy |
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What is a normal range for blood pH? |
7.35 - 7.45 for arterial blood 7.32 - 7.42 for venous blood |
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What is BUN and why is it tested? |
Blood urea nitrogen. To evaluate kidney function; to monitor the effectiveness of dialysis and other treatments related to kidney disease or damage |
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What is creatinine tested for? |
To determine if your kidneys are functioning normally and to monitor treatment for kidney disease |
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What is AST and what is it tested for? |
Aspartate Transaminase. To detect liver damage and/or to help diagnose liver disease |
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What is ALT and what is it tested for? |
Alanine Transaminase. To screen for liver damage and/or to help diagnose liver disease |
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What is ammonia tested for in the blood? |
To help diagnose severe liver disease and certain genetic urea cycle disorders; to help investigate the cause of changes in behavior and consciousness; to support the diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy and Reye’s syndrome |
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What is a normal range for BUN? |
6 - 20 mg/dL for adults according to the NIH |
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What is normal range for creatinine? |
.5 - 1 mg/dL for women .7 - 1.2 mg/dL for men |
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What is the normal range for AST? |
8 - 48 u/L |
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What is the normal range for ALT? |
7 - 55 u/L |
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What is the normal range for ammonia in the blood? |
20 - 70 mcg/dL |
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What is bilirubin tested for and what is a normal range? |
To screen for or monitor liver disorders or hemolytic anemia. Normal range is .1 - 1.3 mg/dL |
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Why is cholesterol tested and what is the normal range? |
To screen for the risk of heart disease. It is best to be below 200/dL. High is above 240 mg/dL |
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What is HDL and LDL and what are normal values? |
High Density Lipoprotein - should be greater than 40 to 60 mg/dL Low Density Lipoprotein - should be below 190mg/dL |
