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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of the skeletal system? |
- Support - Protection of soft tissues - Blood Cell Production - Storage of minerals & fats - Enables movement |
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What are auditory ossicles? |
Small bones in the ear which magnify sounds |
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Which bones make up the axial skeleton? |
Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs (roughly 80 bones) |
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Which bones make up the appendicular skeleton? |
Arms, legs, pelvis, clavicle, scapula (roughly 126 bones) |
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What are sesamoid bones and where are they found? |
Small bones which vary in size between individuals. Usually found in tendons where there is a lot of friction. Patella is a sesamoid bone. |
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What are the different bone types? |
Sutural, irregular, short, flat, long, sesamoid. |
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What are the sections of long bone and what are their features? |
Epiphysis - Wide part at the end of bone, spongy Metaphysis - where the epiphysis and diaphysis meet Diaphysis - the shaft of the bone, made of heavy, compact bone, contains medullary cavity |
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What is the difference in bone marrow between children and adults? |
Children only have red marrow, whereas adults have both red and yellow marrow |
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Describe compact bone |
Compact bone provides protection and support, and is the strongest form of bone. It is made up of groups of compact columns called Osteons, which have blood vessels running through them. |
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Describe spongy bone |
Spongy bone supports compact bone by more evenly distributing stress. It is very lightweight and is made up of crisscrossing beams called trabeculae. Stores marrow. |
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How is bone a dynamic organ? |
It is constantly changing - growing and shrinking (microscopically). It can repair itself, and has its own blood and nerve supply. |
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What is an osteocyte? What is bone matrix? |
An osteocyte is a bone cell. Bone matrix is the intercellular fluid of bone tissue. It is roughly 2/3 minerals like calcium phosphate and 1/3 proteins like collagen. The minerals are hard and resistant, while the collagen is tough but flexible. |
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What is periosteum? |
The periosteum is the fibrous membrane covering all bone. It contains attachment sites for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. It also assists which fracture repair, and is the point of entry to the bone for blood and nerve supply. |
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What is the difference between red and yellow marrow? |
Red marrow is found in the spongy eiphyses of long bones, and in other bones like the sternum and pelvis. It produces red blood cells. Yellow marrow is found in the medullary cavity of long bones and is used to store fat. It can be used as an emergency energy source. |
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What is osteogenesis? What is the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts? |
Osteogenesis is the formation of new bone. Osteoblasts create bone by storing calcium carbonate, osteoclasts clear bone by breaking down calcium carbonate stores. |
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What maintains matrix? What maintains cartilage? |
Osteocytes, Chondrocytes |
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What is endochondral ossification? |
The building up and conversion of cartilage to bone by osteoblasts. Occurs during foetal development. |
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What happens where there is more osteoclast than osteoblast activity? |
Bone loss occurs. |
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What nutrients are essential to the maintenance of bone? |
- Calcium - Protein - Phosphorus - Vitamins A, B12, C, D, K |
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Describe calcium homeostasis |
When low levels of calcium are detected in the blood, parathyroid hormone is released, which causes the kidneys to absorb more calcium, osteoclasts release calcium into blood, and the gut absorbs high levels of calcium. When high levels of calcium are detected, the thyroid gland releases calcitonin, which has the opposite effect to PTH. |
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What are the main hormones involved with the skeletal system? |
- Growth hormone (release by anterior pituitary gland) - Thyroid hormone (synergistic with GH) - Calcitriol - Sex hormones (androgens oestrogen and testosterone). |
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What are the joint categories, based on degree of movement and structure? |
Movement: - None (synarthosis) - Little (amphiarthrosis) - Free (diarthrosis) Structure: - Fibrous - Cartilagenous - Bony - Synovial |
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Describe a synovial joint. What is a synovial capsule? |
A synovial joint is typically located at the end of long bones, and allows for different planes of movement. The synovial capsule is a little like a water balloon, and exists to reduce rubbing and friction between the bones. It is filled with and surrounded by synovial fluid, to lubricate the joint. Sandwiched either side of the capsle is articular cartilage, which protects the bone and absorbs shock, as well as evenly distributing weight. |
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What is the difference between a ligament and a tendon? |
A tendon joins muscle to bone and a ligament joins bone to bone. |
