Bones And The Skeletal System

Front 1

Perichondrium

Back 1

Dense Irregular CT

Front 2

Apositional Growth

Back 2

Chondroblasts in perichondrium divide and secrete new cartilage along inside edge of perichondrium

Front 3

Interstitial Growth

Back 3

Chondrocytes in lacunae divide and secrete new matrix

Front 4

Three types of skeletal cartilage

Back 4

Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Elastic

Front 5

Axial Skeleton

Back 5

Skull, vertebral column, ribcage

Front 6

Appendicular Skeleton

Back 6

Limb girdles, limbs

Front 7

Types of Bones (6)

Back 7

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, sutural/wormian

Front 8

Long Bones

Back 8

-greater length than width
-consists mainly of compact bone tissue, but also some spongy bone
-includes bones of the thigh, legs, toes, arms, forearms, and fingers

Front 9

Short Bones

Back 9

-cubeish shape, nearly equal in length and width
-are spongy, except surface mad of thin layer of compact one
-includes wrist and anklebones

Front 10

Flat Bones

Back 10

-thin and composed of parallel-plates of compact bone surrounding spongy bone
-found in cranium, sternum, ribs, scapulas

Front 11

Irregular bones

Back 11

-complex shapes and can't be categorized
-varying amounts of compact and spongy bone
-includes vertebrae and certain facial bones

Front 12

Sesamoid bones

Back 12

*form inside tendon
-considerable pressure exerted upon (wrists)
-everyone has patella, but sesamoid bones vary person to person

Front 13

Sutural/Wormian bones

Back 13

small bone sbetween joints of certain cranial bones
-vary from person to person

Front 14

Functions of Bone (6)

Back 14

Support-frameowrk for body, and points of attachment for muscle
Protection-internal organs from injury (skull protects brain)
Movement-muscles attach to bone, pulling bone together when muscles contract
Mineral storage and homeostasis-calcium, phosphorous, and several minerals that can be distributed throught the body
-Sit of blood cell production-hematopoiesis(red blood cells produce), red bone marrow found in debeloping bones, pelvis, ribs, breastbone, backbones, etc.
Storage on energy-lipids stored in yellow bone marrow

Front 15

Osteoprogenitor cells

Back 15

-Found in periosteum, endosteum, and canals that contain blood vessels
-undergo mitosis to become osteoblasts

Front 16

Osteoblasts

Back 16

-found on surfaces of bone tissue
-form bone but do not have ability to divide by mitosis
-form collagen and other compounds needed to build bone

Front 17

Osteocytes

Back 17

-mature bone cells
-osteoblasts isolated in bony matrix
-maintain daily cellular activity of bone

Front 18

Osteoclasts

Back 18

found on surface of bone tissues and function in bone resorption

Front 19

Compact bone v. Spongy Bone

Back 19

Compact-resists compression, easy to break

Spongy-resists bending, stiff and normally won't snap

Front 20

Osteogenisis/ossification Prenatal

Back 20

intramembranous ossification-flat bones, when bone replaces fibrous connective tissue

endochondral ossification-bone replaces hyaline cartilage

Front 21

Intramembranous Ossification

Back 21

1. Mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblasts, forming an ossification center
2. Osteoblasts beging to secrete bone matric and trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
3. Bone matrix is laid down between blood vessels, which forms random network resulting in woven bone. vascularized mesenchyme condenses on external face of spongy bone to become periosteum
4. Bone collar of compact bone forms and red marrow appears

Front 22

Bone collar (Endochonral ossification)

Back 22

osteoblasts in periosteum secrete matrix along diaphysis

Front 23

Primary ossification center formed (Endochondral)

Back 23

-chondrocytes hypertrophy and cause cartilage matrix to calcify
-calcified cartilage causes chondrocytes to die
-cavitation=cartilage matrix deteriorates to form cavity
-primary ossification center formed

Front 24

Spongy bone formed (Endochondral)

Back 24

-periosteal bud invades internal cavity
-osteoclasts erode calcified cartilage
-osteoblasts secrete bone matrix around remaining cartilage

Front 25

Medullary Cavity formed (endochondral)

Back 25

-osteoclasts break down newly formed bone forming the medullary cavity
-cartialge at the epiphyses continues to grow in length

Front 26

Secondary Ossification Center forms (endochondral)

Back 26

-same process as primary, hyaline cartialge remains only as articular cartialge and epiphyseal plate

Front 27

Growth in length

Back 27

cartilage grows on epiphyseal side, cartilage is replaced on diaphysis side, then same process as secondary ossification....

Front 28

Growth in width-apositional

Back 28

osteobalasts beneath periosteum secrete new bone while osteoclasts in endosteum breka down bone produces compact bone

Front 29

Hematoma Formation

Back 29

-bone breaks, blood vessels torn, hemorage --> hematoma
-bone cells die of lack of nutrition

Front 30

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation

Back 30

-phagocytic cells brought in with new blood vessels to clear debri, fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers, collagen fibers connect broken ends of bone
-chondroblasts come from fibrocartilage and secrete cartilage matrix
forms fibrocartilage callus

Front 31

Bony Callous Formation

Back 31

-osteoblasts form spongy bone, compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls, new bone resembles old bone because same stress lines still apply

Front 32

Osteomalacia

Back 32

a collection of disorders where the bones are inadequately mineralized. calcium salts are not deposited and bones soften and weaken. the main symptom is pain when weight is put on the affected bone.

Front 33

Rickets

Back 33

a vitamin D deficiency where the body doesn't absorb calcium and phosphorous, causing the bones of the legs to bow when a child walks.

Front 34

Paget's Disease

Back 34

excessive bone formation and breakdown

Front 35

Osteoporosis

Back 35

decreased bone mass and increase in fractures