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135 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
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nail unit anatomy
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Embryologic development of the nail apparatus.
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nail apparatus
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Onychomadesis after an episode of acute paronychia
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Nail pitting due to psoriasis.
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Trachyonychia (twenty-nail dystrophy). The nails seem sandpapered in a longitudinal direction
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Longitudinal melanonychia due to a congenital melanocytic nevus of the nail matrix. The pigmentation involves approximately 75% of the nail plate and the color varies from light brown to black
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Congenital malalignment of the great toenails. The longitudinal axis of the nail plate is deviated laterally. There is also onychomadesis of both great toenails and mild nail thickening with lateral ingrowing of the right great toenail.
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Nail hypoplasia in nail–patella syndrome. There is hypoplasia of the nails of the first and second digits. This gradient of severity of nail involvement is characteristic
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Darier disease. Alternating longitudinal red and white streaks with wedge-shaped subungual hyperkeratosis, V-shaped notching of the distal margin, and fissuring. *G
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Nail psoriasis. The nails show salmon patches (“oil drop” changes) and onycholysis with an erythematous border
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Acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau. Recurrent pustular eruption of the nail bed and distal finger.
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Nail lichen planus. Note the nail thinning with longitudinal ridging and fissuring
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Yellow nail syndrome. Note the overcurvature of the nail and loss of the cuticle, in addition to the yellow discoloration.
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Muehrcke’s nails. There are multiple parallel transverse white bands. The curvature matches that of the lunula......seen in nephrotic syndrome and low albumin states
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Multiple periungual pyogenic granulomas in a patient taking indinavir
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Acute paronychia. In addition to the erythema and purulent discharge, there is significant tenderness.
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Median canaliform dystrophy (of Heller)
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Subungual exostosis
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Correlation of nail findings with anatomic site of nail damage
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Myxoid cyst. The longitudinal nail groove is a result of the compression of the nail matrix by the cyst.
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Onychomatricoma. The nail is thickened and overcurved with longitudinal yellow streaks. The distal border shows several holes
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Bowen’s disease. The lateral portion of the nail plate is absent. The nail bed shows hyperkeratosis with scaling and fissuring of the epithelium
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Amelanotic melanoma. Note the diffuse nail destruction and ulceration
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ABCDEF rule for clinical suspicion of nail melanoma
What layers is the nail plate made of?
1. outer dorsal plate
2. intermediate plate
3. ventral plate
What is the growth rate for fingernails?*G
2-3mm/mo.....6mo needed for total replacement
What is the growth rate for toenails?*G
1mm/mo.....12-18mo for total replacement
what do we call the thin white transverse line at the free edge of the nail plate?
onychocorneal band
What does the proximal nail matrix form?
-dorsal plate
What does the distal matrix (lunula) form?
intermediate and ventral plate
Where are the melanocytes associated with the nail?
in the distal nail matrix
In someone with light skin, what do you do if there is nail plate pigment?
requires bx, cause their melanocytes sould be dormant and contain pre and stage I/II melanosomes, NOT mature melanosomes
Which keratins are found in the proximal nail matrix?
soft keratins (1, 5, 6, 10, 14, 16, 17)
Which keratins are found in the distal nail matrix?
soft keratins (1,5,10,14,20)
hard keratins (31)
which Ag medites nail plate attachment to the nail bed?
CEACAM1
What infection can occur with nail infections?
OM (high risk)
Where do we see AV anastomoses?
everywhere except the proximal nail fold
What is the underlying abnormality with Beau's lines?
abnormal matrix function...there is interruption of mitotic activity of the proximal nail matrix
What does depth of the beau's line mean? What about width?
Depth: extent of damage
Width: duration of damage
What is the most common cause of Beau's lines?
trauma is MC
eczema
chronic paronychia
derm dz that affect proximal nail fold
What is the underlying abnormality in onychomadesis?
-there is complete arrest of nail matrix activity -resulting in proximal detachment from proximal nail fold
What is the underlying abnormality in nail pitting?
-proximal nail matrix damage
-it results in foci of abnormal keratiniziation with clusters of parakeratosis that falls off the dorsal nail plate
What do we call longitudinal ridging, fissuring and thinning of nail plate?
onychorrhexis
What do we call sandpapered nails? And what is the pathophys?
trachyonychia....due to proximal nail matrix damage
What type of nail change is seen with alopecia areata?
trachyonychia
What is the pathophys behind true leukonychia?
there is white opaque discoloration due to abnormal nail matrix (distal) keratinization with resultant parakeratotic cells in the ventral nail plate
Who gets punctate leukonychia?
kids, likely due to trauma
Who gets striate leukonychia? And what are common causes
AKA Mee's lines
-adults, commonly women
-can be secondary to trauma from manicures or from shoes
-arsenic or thallium poisoning
-chemotherapeutic agents
What do we call spoon shaped nails (concave)?
koilonychia
What causes koikonychia?
-physiologic in the toenails of kids
-can be occupational or Fe def in adults
What are causes of photo-onycholysis?
-tetracyclins
-psoralens
-NSAIDs
What do we call nail plate thickening due to subungal hyperkeratosis?
onychauxis
-it is a nail bed problem
What are common causes of onychauxis?
psoriasis
onychomycosis
eczema
What is apparent leukonychia?
white discoloration of the nails that fades with pressure because it is due to nail bed edema, not a nail plate issue
What are causes of apparent leukonychia?
-chemo agents
-systemic disease (hypoalbuminemia)
What is the cause of splinter hemorrhages?
damage to longitudinally oriented nail bed capillaries
What causes green nail syndrome?
the greenish black/blue discoloration is due to Pyocyanin produced by pseduomonas
What's the most common cause of ingrown toenails?
congenital malalignment of the big toenails (lateral deviation of the nail plate)
What do we call short, broad thumbnails due to shortening of the distal phalynx?
raquet thumbs (brachyonychia)
What are the features of Nail-Patella Syndrome (Hereditary osteo-onychodysplasia)?
-absent or hypoplastic nails
-triangle shaped lunulae
-bony abnormalities (absent or hypoplastic patellae, radial head dysplasia and iliac cres exostoses/horns)
How can you confirm the dx of nail-patella syndrome?
iliac horns on pelvic xray in kids
What is the mutation in nail patella syndrome?
LMX1B....it codes for a transcription factor that regulates collagen synthesis
What changes are seen in the nails of those with EB?
-repeated blisters produce onycholysis with shortening/thickening of the nail (due to nail bed scarring)
-nail matrix involvement results in nail thinning, atrophy, pterygium and nail atrophy
What nail changes are seen with pachyonychia congenita?
-thickened and extremely hard nails with increased transverse curvature due to severe nail bed hyperkeratosis
-hyperkeratosis
-hyperhidrosis
-oral leukokeratosis
-palmoplantar keratoderma
What are the mutations in type I pachyonychia congenita?
KRT6a and KRT16
What are the mutations in type II pachyonychia congenita?
KRT6b and KRT17
Which type of pachyonychia is associated with oral leukokeratosis?
type I
Which type of pachyonychia is associated with premature dentition and pilosebaceous cysts?
type II
What nail changes are seen in Darier Disease?
-multiple red and white longitudinal streaks within the nail plate with MNG cells in the nail bed epithelium
-distal wedge shaped subungal hyperkeratosis plus fissuring
What is the ddx for red lunula?
-alopecia areata
-psoriasis
-SLE, RA
-medial disease (cardiac, COPD, cirrhosis)
-drugs and toxins (imuran, radiation, prednisone, CO2/CO poisoning)
What are the diagnostic nail changes seen with psoriasis?
-irregular pitting
-salmon patches (oil drop)
-onycholysis with erythematous border
How can we treat psoriatic nail changes?
-IL kenalog
-oral acitretin
What are the nail changes seen in acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau?
-pustules involving the nail bed and periungal skin
-fingernails most commonly affected
What are the nail changes seen in parakeratosis pustulosa and who gets them?
-seen exclusively in kids
-usually one fingernail, often one side of the nail
-there is subungal hyperkeratosis and onycholysis
What are the nail changes with LP?
-thinning
-onychorrhexis
-ridging
-dorsal pterygium
-can have 20 nail disease
What does pterygium in nail LP indicate?
scarring
How to treat nail LP?
-IL kenalog (when few nails involved)
-systemic steroids to avoid pterygium
What are causes of 20 nail dystrophy (trachyonychia)?
-alopecia areata (seen in 12% of kids vs. 3% of adults)
-idiopathic (almost exclusively in kids)
What nail findings are seen with alopecia areata?
-geometric pitting
-trachyonychia
-other findings:erythema of lunula, punctate leukonychia, onychomadesis
What nail changes are seen in eczema?
-Acutely: vesicles/erythema of the proximal nail fold and hyponychium, irregular pits, Beau's lines
-Chronically: localized to hyponychium, subungal hyperkeratosis, onycholysis, fissuring of hyponychium
What is the lovibond angle? And in what disease is it widened?
-formed by the proximal nail fold and the nail plate
-widened in clubbing
What is yellow nail syndrome?
-arrested linear nail growth resulting in transverse thickening and overcuring longitudinally
-cuticle is absent
What systemic conditions are associated with yellow nail syndrome?
-lymphedema
-resp tract involvement (chronic bronchitis, pleural effusions)
How to treat yellow nail syndrome?
Vit D
itraconazole (can accelerate growth)
What's the most common tumor that metastasizes to fingers?
lung
What's the most common tumor that metastasizes to toes?
GU
What can transient peripheral nerve injury cause at the level of the nails?
-onychomadesis
-pseudopyogenic granulomas of the proximal nail fold
-often seen after cast immobilization
-resolves over wks
What is ventral pterygium a sign of?
scleroderma, related to impaired peripheral perfusion (the distal nail plate adheres to the hyponychium)
What are nail changes seen with HIV infection?
-proximal subungal onychomycosis due to T. rubrum
-candida onychomycosis
-chronic periungal warts
If an HIV+ patient has chronic periungal warts, what is the next step in management?
biopsy to rule out SCC....HPV types 16 and 35 have been detected in such lesions
What studies are mandatory with acute paronychia and what is usually found?
-viral/bacterial cultures
-commonly S. aureus or Strep pyogenes
What is a good tx for warts around the nail?
IL candida, trichophyton or mumps skin test Ag
What is onychoschizia?
-dehydration of the nail plate often due to frequent hand washing
-there is splitting of the distal nail plate into multiple layers
What secondary infections can be seen with chronic paronychia?
candida or pseudomonas or TB
What is onychotillomania?
-aka habit tic deformity
-cuticle absent and proximal nail fold inflamed
What is another name for onychogryphosis? And who gets it?
-ram's horn nails
-seen in elderly due to chronic trauma and impaired circulation/innervation
What test is done with pincer nails?
xray to exclude subungal exostosis....surgery is needed if this is present
How do we treat pincer nails?
lateral matricectomy
What is the formal name for ingrown toenail?
onychocryptosis
What are causes of periungal/subungal pyogenic granulomas?
-penetrating trauma
-ingrown toenails
-systemic retinoids
-antiretrovirals
-EGFR inhibitors
What do we call pink or skin colored papules originating from the proximal nail fold?
fibromas/fibrokeratomas....aka Koenen tumor, seen in 50% of those with tuberous sclerosis
What is the most common benign bony proliferation associated with nail abnormalities?
subungal exostosis, most common is on the hallux
What is the most common nail tumor?
myxoid cysts (mucous cysts)
What is a frequent association with myxoid cysts?
OA of the DIP due to connection to DIP via a tract
Patient has a tender red/bluish nail bed macule visible through the transparent nail plate, what is is?*G
glomus tumor
Patient has localized thickening of the nail plate with perforations consisting of multiple longitudinal hollows, what is the dx?
onychomatricoma
What changes to the nail can be seen with melanocytic nevi of the nail matrix?
longitudinal melonychia
What factors can predispose to Bowen's disease of the nail?
HPV 16
chronic Xray exposure
What is a complication of subungal keratoacanthoma?
-deep invasion with bone destruction
-does not regress spontaneously like cutaneous KA
What is the most frequent malignant tumor of the nail apparatus?
SCC
What is the ABCDEF RULE related to nail MM?
o Age (5-7th decade), African-Americans, Asians, and Native Americans (1/3 of nail MM)
o Brown to black, Breadth (3mm or wider), variegated Borders
o Change in nail band Color or size, lack of change in nail morphology despite presumed adequate treatment
o Digit most commonly involved (thumb and hallux)
o Extension of pigment into proximal or lateral nailfold (Hutchinson’s sign)
o Family or personal history of DN or MM
Patient has a smooth soft nodule adjacent to the DIP. If at the proximal nail fold, it can cause longitudinal gooving int he nail plate. It contains clear yellow viscous fluid. What is the dx?*G
myxoid cyst
How do we distinguish acquired digital fibrokeratoma from accessory digit on path?*G
ADF does NOT have nerves while AD does have prominent nerve fasicles
What are some causes of absent lunula?*G
yellow nail syndrome
multiple myeloma
What is the formal name for short nails?*G
brachyonychia
What is the mutation in Darier's?*G
SERCA2, a Ca ATPase
What is the formal name for long nails?*G
dolichonychia
What is elkonyxis?*G
large 2-3m pits
How to distinguish habit tic from Heller median canaliform dystrophy?
Habit tic: horizontal parallel ridges
Heller: christmas tree pattern to lines
What is a heloma?
corn
What are lindsay's nails? And in what condition is it seen?*G
distal nail is normal while proximal nail is white....seen in chronic renal failure.
What is onychia?
inflammation of the nail unit
what is onychoclavus?
subungal corn
what is onychocryptosis?
ingrown nail +/- exuberant granulation tissue, usually in the first toe
What are causes of onychomadesis?
-systemic disease
-PCN allergy
-syphillis
-psoriasis
-TEN/SJS
-pemphigus
-radiation
-drugs (chemo agents, carbamazepime, lithium)
What is onychophagia?
nail biting
what is onychoptosis?
nail loss
What are plummer's nails?
distal onycholysis secondary to hypothyroidism
What are Terry's nails?
all but distal 2mm evenly white, caused by defect in nail bed. Caused by cirrhosis, congenital heart failure and DM
What meds can cause yellow nail syndrome?
D-penicillamine
bucillamine
What is the most common organism in distal subungal onychomycosis?*G
T rubrum
What is the most common organism in white superficial/proximal subungal onychomycosis?*G
T rubrum (HIV pts and kids)
What is the most common organism in superficial onychomycosis?*G
T mentag
What is the most common organism in lateral invasion + paronychia onychomycosis?*G
hendersonula toruloidea
scatylidium hyalinum