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337 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE
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BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE
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2 Equations for sensitivity?
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Sn = TP / TP + FN
Sn = 1- false negative rate |
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2 Equations for specificity?
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Sp = TN / TN + FP
Sn = 1 - false positive rate |
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Equation for PPV?
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TP / TP + FP
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Equation for NPV?
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TN / FN + TN
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What does this describe:
# of new cases of a dz |
iNcidence
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What does this describe:
Total # of cases present @ a given time |
Prevalence
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1) What's the Pathology:
-Hypnagogic (just before sleep) and/or hypnopompic (just after waking up) hallucinations -Cataplexy (loss of muscle tone following a strong emotional stimulus) 2) Tx of Narcolepsy? |
1) Narcolepsy
2) -Stimulants (amphetamines, modafinil) -Sodium oxybate (GHB) |
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BIOCHEMISTRY
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BIOCHEMISTRY
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In this disorder, their is a problem w/ nucleotide excision repair -->
no repair of thymidine dimers |
Xeroderma pigmentosum
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Whats the pathology:
When phagocytes have probs w/ microtubule poymerization --> Inability to phagosome to fuse w/ lysosome --> No degredeation of phagocytized material --> 3 P's: Pyogenic Infxns, Partial Albinism, Peripheral Neuropathy |
Chediak Higashi Syndrome
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What's the pathology:
Problem w/ cilia microtubule Dynein Arms --> Immotile Cilia --> Triad of : 1) Situs inversus 2) Chronic Resp Infxn 3) Infertility |
Kartagener's
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Multiple Fx
+ Blue Sclera + Hearing Loss + Dental Imperfections = ? |
Type I Osteogenesis Imperfecta
(Prob w/ T I Collagen) |
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What type of OI is fatal in utero?
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Type II
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Hyperextensible skin
+ Easy bleeding and bruising + Hypermobile joints + Berry Aneurysm + Organ Rupture = |
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
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EDS is result of defect in what type collagen?
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Type III
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Self-Mutilation
+ Gout = LNS is result of absent what? |
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
HGPRT |
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AUTOSOMAL DOM DISORDERS
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AUTOSOMAL DOM DISORDERS
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-Defective FGF receptor 3
-Advanced paternal age |
Achondroplasia
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-BL massive enlargement of kidneys from multiple large cysts
-Flank pain -hematuria -HTN -Progressive renal failure -Berry Aneurysms -Mitral valve prolapse |
AD polycystic kidney dz
(ADPKD) |
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-Defective APC gene -->
colon covered in adenomatous polyps -May progress to colon CA |
FAP
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-No LDL Receptor
-Elevated LDL |
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
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-Telangiectasias
-Epistaxis -Skin discoloration -AVMs |
Osler-Weber-Rendu
(Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia) |
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-Progressive dementia
-Choreiform mvts -Caudate atrophy -Dec GABA and ACh in brain |
Huntington's
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-Fibrillin gene mutation
-Cystic medial necrosis --> aortic incompetence and dissecting AA -Floppy mitral valve -Subluxation of lenses |
Marfan's
|
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-cafe-au-lait spots
-neural tumors -Lisch nodules (pigmented iris hamartomas) -Skeletal disorders (scoliosis) |
NF1
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-BL acoustic schwannoma
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NF2
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-facial lesions (adenoma sebaceum)
-Hypopigmented "ash leaf spots" -Cortical and retinal hamartomas -seizures -mental retardation -cardiac rhabdomyomas -Astrocytomas |
Tuberous sclerosis
|
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-BL renal cell carcioma
-hemangioblastoma -Deletion of VHL gene -Constitutive activation of angiogenic growth factors |
von-Dippel-Lindel dz
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AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DZES
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AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DZES
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CF:
1) What gene is defective? 2) 2 MC IA --> lung infxn? 3) Why are males infertile? 4) which vitamins are deficient? 5) FX on newborns? 6) Tx? |
1) CFTR on chromosome 7
2) Pseudomonas, s. aureus 3) Absence of vas deferensQ 4) ADEK (Fat sol bc dec pancreatic lipase) 5) Meconium Ileus 6) N-acetylcysteine to loosen mucous plugs |
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-DELETION of dystrophin gene -->
Accelerated muscle breakdown -Weakness in pelvic girldle -Calf pseudohypertrophy -Gower's maneuver |
Duchenne's MD
|
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-MUTATED dystrophin gene
-Less severe than Duchenne's |
Becker's MD
|
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4 Dz'es resulting from trinucleotide repeats?
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fragile X
Friederich's ataxia Huntington's Myotonic dystrophy "X-Girlfriends First Aid Helped Ace My Test" |
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-Flat facies
-Prominent Epicanthial folds Simian crease |
Down's Syndrome
|
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Downs syndrome = Inc risk what CA?
Inc risk of what neuro dz? |
ALL
Alzheimer's Dz |
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3 causes of down's in order of commonality?
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Meiotic non-disjunction --> Trisomy 21
Robertsonian translocation Downs mosaicism |
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Describe AFP and b-HCG levels during pregnancy of a down's pt?
|
dec AFP
Inc b-HCG |
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US of down's kid shows what?
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Nuchal translucency
|
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-High pitched crying (like a cat)
-Microcephaly -Microdeletion |
Cri-du-chat
|
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-Elfin facies
-friendly -good verbal skills |
Williams syndrome
(Elfin facies = movie elf = WILL ferrell) |
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-Wernicke-Korsakoff:
Confusion, Ophthalmoplegia, Ataxia -Dry Beri-beri -Wet beri-beri |
B1 (Thiamine) Defic
|
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-Angular chelitis (inflamm of mouth, corners of lips)
-Corneal vascularization |
B2 (riboflavin) defic
"2 C's of B2" |
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Diarrhea
Dermatitis Dementia Facial Flushing |
B3 (Niacin) Defic
"3 D's of B3" B3 (Niacin) Excess |
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-If deficient -->
Convulsions -Deficiencies caused by INH |
B6 (Pyridoxine)
|
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-Absorbed in Terminal Ileum
-Reqs IF for absorption -Defic --> Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia, hyperseg PMNs -Malabsorption if have diphylobothrium latum -Dx'ed w/ schilling's test |
B12 (Cobalamin) defic
|
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-Defic --> Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia
-Converted to THF |
Folic Acid
|
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-Keeps Fe in reduced state so it can be absorbed in gut
-Necesarry for hydroxylation of proline and lyxin when synth collagen -Defic --> Scurvy = swollen gums, bruising, dec immune response |
Vit C (Ascorbic Acid)
|
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-Stims bone resorption
-Defic leads to rickets in kids and osteomalacia in adults |
-Vit D
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-Anti-oxidant that protects from free-rad damage (esp to Erythrocytes)
-Defic --> Spinocerebellar degen |
-Vit E
(E for Erythrocytes) |
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-Catalyzes gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid
-Made by intestinal flora |
Vit K
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Inhibs ETHOL-Dehydrogenase
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Fomepizole
|
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Inhibs Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
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Disulfuram
(Antabuse) |
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Why does excess ETHOL -->
HYPOglycemia and fatty change? |
ETHOL --> Inc NADH that must be oxidized to NAD +
Oxaloacetate --> Malate regenerates NAD + but leads to dec gluconeogenesis Pruvate to Lactate regenerates NAD+ but --> fatty liver |
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1) 4 aspects of Kwashiorkor?
2) Marasmus is defic of all calory types --> what? |
1) MEAL
pro Malnutrition Edema Anemia fatty Liver 2) Muscle wasting |
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Prob w/ urea cycle -->
orotic acid in blood and urine |
OTC defic
(ornithine transcarbamoylase defic) |
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-Tremor
-Slurring of speech -Somnolence -Vomiting -Cerebral edema -Blurry vision |
Ammonia (NH3) Intox
|
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1) Musty body odor?
2) Et? 3) Tx? |
1) PKU
2) Def phenylalanine hydroxylase OR Tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor 3) Dec phenylalanine diet Inc Tyrosine diet |
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-Black urine
-brown sclera -dark CT -What's deficient? |
Alkaptonuria
homogenistic acid oxidase |
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Dec tyrosinase
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Albinism
(dec melanin) |
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What dyslipidemia:
1) Inc Chylomicrons and TGs 2) Inc LDL 3) Inc VLDL and TGs |
1) Type I Hyperchylomicronemia
2) Type IIa familial hypercholesterolemia 3) Type IV Hypertriglyceridemia |
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EMRBYO
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EMRBYO
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Leading cause of congenital malformations in US
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FAS
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During what wks of gestation does organogenesis take place?
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3-8
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-Persistence of pyramidal lobe
-Midline swelling of neck and moves w/ swallowing |
-Thyroglossal duct cyst
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-Palpable ABD olive
-Non-bilious vomiting @ 2 wks of age |
Congenital pyloric stenosis
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BL renal agenesis -->
Oligohydramnios --> pulmonary hypoplasia |
Potter's syndrome
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-Kidneys trapped under IMA
-Assoc w/ Turner's Syndrome |
Horseshoe Kidney
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Urethral opening on ventral penis
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Hypospadias
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Urethral opening on dorsal penis
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Erispadias
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Urine discharge from umbilicus
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Persistence of remnant of allantois (Patent Urachus)
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MICRO
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MICRO
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Argyll- Robertson pupil (Prostitutes pupil - "Accomodates but doesn't react)
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Tertiary Syphilis
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-Mississippi and Ohio River valleys
-Bird and bat droppings -Fills up macs (____ Hides in Macs) |
Histoplasmosis
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-Mississippi River and Central America
-Inflamm of lung w/ dissemination to skin and bone -Broad based buds |
Blastomycosis
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-SW United States and California
-Pneumonia and Meningitis -Inc after earthquaes -Spherule filled w/ endospres |
Coccidiomycosis
|
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-"Captains wheel"
-Latin America |
Paracoccidiodomycosis
|
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-Hyper and hypopigmented macules
-Spaghetti and Meatballs |
Tinea Versicolor (Malassezia furfur)
|
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-Acute angle hyphae
-Bronchopulmonary infxn -Fungus balls (_____gilloma) |
Aspergillus
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-Only yeast w/ a capsule
-"Soap bubble" lesion in brain -India Ink |
-Cryptococcus
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-Diabetics
-Leukemia -Rhinocerebral and frontal lobe abscesses -Black eschar |
Mucormycosis
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Pneumonia in AIDs / HIV (CD4 < 200)
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PCP
(Pneumocystic jirovecci) |
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-Cigar shaped yeast
-Spread by thorn prick -Pustule or ulcers w/ nodules along lymphatics |
Sporothrix Schenckii
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Herpes vesicles above the waist
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HSV1
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Herpes vesicles below the waist
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HSV2
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Inc risk of Burkitt's lymphoma,
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Latent in B-cells |
EBV
|
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-"Owls Eyes" cells
-negative monospot -Mono-like sx (Fever, ____, Lymphadnopathy) |
CMV
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Fever ---> Rash in kids
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Roseola (HHV6)
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Kaposi's Sarcoma in AIDs
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HHV 8
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-Fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy
-Positive monospot (heterophile Ab) -Burkitt's lymphoma -Nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
EBV
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-#1 cause of fatal diarrhea in kids
-Winter months |
-Rotavirus
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-Summer gastroenteritis
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-Norwalk virus
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-Seal like barking cough
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-Croup (Laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis
from Parainfluenza virus |
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Cough
Coryza (runny nose) Conjunctivitis Koplic spots |
Measles (Rubeola) Virus
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SSPE
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Measles (Rubeola) Virus
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POM
Parotitis Orchitis Aseptic Meningitis |
Mumps Virus
|
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-Bullet shaped capsid w/ negri inclusion bodies
-Photophobia -Hydrophobia |
Rabies virus
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How does rabies get to CNS?
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Travels retrograde
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2 Types Hepatitis virus that are Fecal Oral
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A & E
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3 Types Hepatitis virus that are blood-borne
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B, C, D
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Name the Hepatitis Virus:
1) Preggos (Expectant Moms) & Travelers who are expectant 2) Reqs HB co-infection 3) 2 Types that are chronic? 4) IVDU? |
1) Hep E
2) Hep D 3) B, C, D 4) Hep C |
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ENDOCRINE
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ENDOCRINE
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1) Which GLUT receptor on the following tissue"
A) RBCs and Brain B) pancreatic beta cells, liver, kidney, small intestine C) Adipose, Sk. Muscle |
A) GLUT-1
B) GLUT-2 C) GLUT-4 |
|
1) Excess cortisol secretion?
2) Cushing's syndrome from pituitary adenoma --> Inc ACTH? 3) Cushing's Syndrome from Small cell lung CA or bronchial carcinopids --> Inc ACTH? 4) If you have Cushing's syndrome from an adrenal gland tumor, will ACTH be increased or decreased? |
1) Cushing's Syndrome
2) Cushing's Dz 3) Ectopic ACTH 4) Dec |
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-MCC of chronic adrenal insufficiency
-Hyperkalemia -Hyperpigmentation |
-Addison's Dz
|
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-No Hyperkalemia
-Dec ACTH -->No Hyperpigmentation |
Secondary adrenal insuffic
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Tender thyroid
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Subacute thyroiditis
(dequervains) |
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Thyroid CA w/ psamomma bodies resulting from a RET A Gene Mutation
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Papillary thyroid CA
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Thyroid CA resulting from parafollicular C cells
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Medullary thyroid CA
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What Nerve Is Injured:
-Fx'ed surgical neck of humerus -Dislocated humoeral head -Deltoid motor deficit (Abduction of arm ) -Sensory deficit over deltoid |
Axillary Nerve
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What Nerve Is Injured:
-Fx'ed @ midshaft of humerus -"Saturday night palsy" |
Radial Nerve
|
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What Nerve Is Injured:
Proximal Lesion: fx of supracondylar humerus Distal Lesion: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome |
Median N
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What Nerve Is Injured:
Prox Lesion: Fx medial epicondyle of humerus Distal Lesion: Fx 'ed hook of hamate |
Ulnar Nerve
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1) Waiter's tip hand = what palsy
2) Which nerve roots? |
1) Erb Duchenne's Palsy
2) C5, C6 = Upper trunk of BP |
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What's The Pathology:
-Failure of longitudinal bone growth --> short limbs and dwarfism -Constitutive activation of fibroblast growth factor R e (FGFR3) -Advanced paternal age |
Achondroplasia
|
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Distal radius fx also called what?
|
Colles' fx
|
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Tx for osteoporosis?
CI'ed? |
SERMS
Calcitonin Bisphosphonates Pulsatile PTH Glucocorticoids |
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-What's The Pathology:
Probs w/ osteoclasts --> Faillure of normal bone resoprtion --> thickened dense bones that are prone to fx -Norm alk phos (ALP) |
Osteopetrosis
|
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What's The Pathology:
Inc osteoclast activity --> Inc osteoblast activity --> abnormal bone formation --> haphazard laying down of collagen matrix --> "Cement Lines" which connect normal bone to abnormal bone -Inc ALP -Inc blood flow --> AV shunts --> High Output CF |
Paget's dz of Bone
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What's The Pathology:
-Bone repalced by fibroblasts, collagen and irregular bony trabeculae -McCune Albright syndrome is a form of this dz: Precocious puberty & cafe-au-lait spots |
Polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia
|
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What's The Pathology:
-Benign tumor -20-40y y/o -distal femur and prox tibia -"Double Bubble" or "Soap Bubble" appearance on x-ray |
Giant Cell Tumor
(Osteoclastoma) |
|
-Benign tumor
-Men < 25 y/o -Mature bone w/ cartilaginous cap -Along metaphysis -Malignant transformation is rare |
Osteochondroma
(Exotosis) |
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What's The Pathology:
-Malig tumor -2nd MC primary malig bone tumor (after malignant myeloma) -Hx of paget's dz of bone, bone infarcts, radiation, familial retinoblastoma -CODMAN'S TRIANGLE or SUBURST PATTERN from elevation of periosteum on x-ray |
Osteosarcoma
(osteogenic sarcoma) |
|
What's The Pathology:
-Malignant bone tumor -boys < 15 y/o -"Onion skinning" of bone -"Blue cell" Malignant tumor -11;22 translocation -Long bones, pelvis, scap, ribs |
Ewing's Sarcoma
|
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What's The Pathology:
-Malig Bone Tumor -Men 30-60 y/o -May be of primary origin or from osteochondroma |
Chondrosarcoma
|
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What's The Pathology:
-Wear and tear of joints --> Destruction of articular cartialge -Osteophytes (bone spurs) -Eburnation (polished, ivory appearance of bone) -Herenden's Nodes (DIP) -Bouchard's Nodes (PIP -Pain after use (like wt-bearing) but no pain w/ rest |
Osteoarthritis
|
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What's The Pathology:
-Synovial joints w/ pannus formation -Sub-Q rheumatoid nodules -Ulnar deviation -Baker's cyst behind knee -TIII hypersensitivity -anti-IgG -anti-CCP -HLA-DR4 -AM stiffness -Improves w/ use -Symmetric |
Rheumatoid Arthritis
|
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Tx of Rheumatoid Arthritis
|
NSAIDs
COX-2 Inhibs Glucocorts DMARDS (MTX, Sulfasalazine, Hydroxychloroquine) |
|
What's The Pathology:
-Xerophthalmia (dry eyes) -Xerostomia (dry mouth) -Arthritis -anti SSA (anti-RO) -angi SSB (anti-LA) |
Sjogren's Syndrome
|
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What's The Pathology:
-Monosodium urate crystals -Needle shaped crystals that are negatively bifringent -Hyperuricemia -Podagra (involvement of big toe) -Worse after ETHOL ingestion |
Gout
|
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Acute Gout Tx?
Chronic Gout Tx? |
NSAIDS, Colchicene
Allopurinol, Febuxostat, Uricosurics (probenecid) |
|
What's The Pathology:
-Ca pyrophosphate crystals -Rhomboid crystals that are weakly bifringent -Large joints |
-Pseudogout
|
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Gout or pseudogout:
1) crystals are yellow hwne parallel and blue when perpendicular to light 2) Crystals are yellow when perpendicular and blue when paralell to light |
1) Gout
2) Pseudogout |
|
3 IA in infectious arthritis?
|
s. aureus
Streptococcus Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
|
What's The Pathology:
-Jt pain and stiffness -Pencil in cup deformity -Dactylitis "sausage fingers" -Derm involvement |
Psoriatic arthritis
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-Conjunctivitis or anterior uveitis -Urethritis -Arthritis |
Reiter's Arthritis
(Reactive Arthritis) "Can't see, can't pee, can't climb a tree" |
|
Give all the aspects of SLE in
"I'M DAMN SHARP" |
-Ig (anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm, anti-Phospholipid, anti-histone if Rx induced)
-Malar Rash -Discoid rash -ANA -Mucositis (oropharyngeal ulcers) -Neurologic disorders -Serositis (pleuritis, pericarditis) -Hematologic disorders -Arthritis -Renal disorders (Wire loop lesions in kidney w/ immune complex deposition) -Photosenstivity |
|
What's The Pathology:
-Immune mediated -Non-casseating granulomas -Inc ACE -Black females -Restrictive lung dz |
Sarcoidosis
|
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Tx of sarcodosis?
|
Steroids
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-Pain and stiffness in shoulders and hips -Pts > 50 -Temporal (giant cell) arteritis -Inc ESR, Normal CK |
-Polymyalgia rheumatica
|
|
Tx of polymyalgia rheumatica?
|
Prednisone
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-Widespread musculoskeletal pain -11 > 18 TPs |
Fibromyalgia
|
|
Tx of Fibromyalgia?
|
Pregabalin
Milnacipran Amytriptylinne Low dose fluoxetine |
|
What's The Pathology:
-Symmetric proximal muscle weakness pof shoulders and pelvis -Mediated by CD8 T-cells injuring myofibers |
Polymyositis
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-Similar to polymyositis but also involves malar rash, Heliotrope rash, "shawl and face" rash and "mechanic's hands" |
Dermatomyositis
|
|
Both polymyositis and Dermatomyositis are positive for what Ab?
|
ANA
anti-JO1 |
|
Tx?
|
Steroids
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-Auto Ab against POST-SYNAPTIC AChR --> Ptosis, Diplopia, General Weakness -Assoc w/ thymoma -Sx WORSEN w/ muscle use -Sx reverse w/ AChE Inhibs |
Myasthenia Gravis
|
|
What's The Pathology:
Auto-Ab against pre-synaptic Ca chann --> Dec ACh release --> Prox muscle weak -Assoc w/ small cell lung CA -Sx improve w/ muscle use -Sx NO improve w/ AChE Inhibs |
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-Fibrosis and collagen deposition throughout the body -Puffy taut Skin -No wrinkles -Widespread skin involvement -Rapid progression -Early visceral involvement -anti-SCL 70 Ab |
Diffuse Scleroderma
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-Fibrosis and collagen deposition throughout the body -Puffy taut Skin -No wrinkles -Calcinosis -Raynauds Esophageal Dysmotility -Sclerodactyly -Telangiectasias -Anti-Centromere Ab |
CREST Scleroderma
|
|
What type of hypersensitivity is Allergic Contact Dermatitis?
|
Type IV Hypersensitivity
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-Papules and plaques w/ silvery scaling -Acanthossi w/ parakeratotic scaling -Inc stratum spinosum -Dec stratum granulosum -Positive Auspitz sign (bleeding when scales are scraped off) -Nail pitting and arthritis |
Psoriasis
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-Flat, greasy, pigmented squamous epi proliferation w/ keratin-filled cysts -Looks "pasted on" |
Seborrheic keratosis
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-Honey crusted lesion -s. aureus -s. pyogenes |
Impetigo
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-Acute, painful spreading infection of dermis and sub-q tissues -s. aureus -s. pyogenes |
Cellulitis
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-White, painless plaques on side of tongue -CANNOT be scraped off |
-Oral hairy leukoplakia
-EBV |
|
What's The Pathology:
-IgG against DESMOSOMES -Immunofluorescence reveals Ab around cells of epidermis in reticular or net-like pattern -Intraepidermal bullae w/ flaccid blister -POSITIVE NIKOLSKY SIGN (Separation of epidermis upon manual stroking of skin) |
Pemphigus vulgaris
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-IgG Ab against HEMIDESMOSOMES -Ab are "bullow" the epidermis -NEGATIVE NIKOLSKY SIGN |
Bullous Pemphigoid
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-IgA @ tips of dermal papillae -Celiac's Dz |
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-Mycoplasma pneumonia -HSV -Macules, Papules, Vesicles, Target Lesions |
Erythema Multiforme
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-Fever -Bulla formation -Necrosis -Skin sloughing -High mortality rate |
SJS
|
|
A more severe form of SJS is known as
|
Toxic Epidermal necrosis
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-Pruritic, Purple, Polygonal Papules -Hep C |
Lichen Planus
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-Premalignant Lesions caused by sun exposure -Risk of carcinoma is proportional to epithelial dysplasia |
-Actinic Keratosis
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-Hyperplasia of stratum spinosum -Hyperinsulinemia from Cushings or DM -Visceral malignancy |
Acanthosis nigricans
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-Inflamm of sub-q fat -Anterior shins -Coccidiomycosis -Histoplasmosis -TB -Leprosy -Streptococcal Infxn -Sarcoidosis |
Erythema Nodosum
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-"Herald Patch" -"Christmas Tree" Distribution -Remits spontaneously |
Pityriasis rosea
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-excessive sunlight exposure -Rarely mets -Keratin Pearls |
Sq Cell Carcinoma
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-Sun exposure -Rolled edges -Central ulceration -Pearly papules -Telangiectasias -"Palisading Nuclei" |
Basal Cell Carcinoma
|
|
What's The Pathology:
-S-100 tumor marker -ABCD Assymetrical Irregular Border Color Varation Diameter > 6 mm |
Melanoma
|
|
NEUROLOGY
|
NEUROLOGY
|
|
Myelinates MULTIPLE the CNS Axons
|
Oligodendrocytes
|
|
Myelinates ONE PNS Axon
|
Schwann Cell
|
|
Destroyed in MS?
Destroyed in Guillain-Barre |
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann Cells |
|
Acoustic neuroma is composed of this type of cell
|
Schwann cell
|
|
NTs of anxiety?
|
Inc NE
Dec GABA Dec 5-HT |
|
NTs in Parkinsons
|
Dec Dopamine
|
|
NTs in schizophrenia
|
Inc Dopamine
|
|
NTs in alzheimer's
|
Dec ACh
|
|
NTs in Huntington's
|
Dec ACh
Dec GABA |
|
Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, Feeling and ******* = What part of brain
|
Limbic System
|
|
These structures in the brain:
-Regulate the AMT of mvt --> Hyperkinesis or Hypokinesis -Regulate voluntary mvts and postural adjustments |
Basal Ganglia
|
|
What are the 3 components of the basal ganglia you should know, and what are their effects on mvt?
|
Thalamus VA and VL nucleus:
Stim mvt SNPC: Stim mvt Subthalamic Nucleus: Inhibs Mvt |
|
The direct pathway uses what NT and has what effect on mvt?
The indirect pathway has what effect on mvT? |
D1; Stims mvt
Inhibs Mvt |
|
1) Is parkinsons a hyper or hypokinetic mvt disorder?
A) TF you probably have a problem w/ what? 2) Pathological finding? 3) TRAP s/s of parkinson's? "TRAPped inside your own body" |
1) Hypokinetic
A) Dopaminergic neurons of the SNPC of the Direct pathway 2) Lewy Bodies 3) Tremor @ rest Cogwheel rigidity Akinesia Postural Instability |
|
Hemiballimus is wild flailing of 1 arm or leg and is the result of a lesion to what basal ganglia?
|
CL subthalamic nucleus
(remember, Subthalamic nucleus inhibs mvt) |
|
HUNTINGTON's:
1) 2 meanings of CAG for Huntington's 2) 2 s/s? 3) Neuronal death occurs via binding to what receptor? |
1) CAG repeat in DNA
Caudate loses ACh and GABA 2) dementia & Chorea 3) NMDA-Receptor |
|
Sudden, jerky, purposeless mvts
|
Chorea
|
|
Slow, writhing mvts of fingers especially
|
Athetosis
|
|
Sudden, brief, muscle contractions
|
Myoclonus
|
|
Tremor when holding a posture
Tx? |
Essential / postural tremor
Pts self-mediate w/ ETHOL beta-blockers |
|
Distal tremor
Ex seen in parkinsons? |
Resting tremor
pill-rolling tremor |
|
Where's the Brain Lesion:
-Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (Hyperorality,Hypersexuality, Disinhibited Behavior) |
Amygdala
|
|
Where's the Brain Lesion:
-Poor judgment -Disinhibited (dirty jokes) -Poor judgment -Poor logic |
Frontal Lobe
|
|
Spatial Neglect
|
Non Dom (usually R) Parietal Lobe
|
|
Dec levels of arousal and wakefulness
|
RAS (midbrain)
|
|
Wernicke-korsakoff
Wernicke: Confusion, Ophthalmoplegia, Ataxia Korsakoff: Memory Loss, Confabulation, Personality Changes |
Mammillary Bodies
|
|
Tremor @ rest, chorea, athetosis
|
Basal Ganglia
|
|
INTENTION TREMOR,
LIMB Ataxia, Fall TOWARD side of lesion |
Cerebellar hemisphere
|
|
TRUNCAL Ataxia,
Dysarthria |
Cerebellar vermis
|
|
CL Hemibalismus
|
Sub-thal nucleus
|
|
Anterograde amnesia
(can't make new memories) |
Hippocampus
|
|
Eyes look away from lesion
|
PPRF
|
|
Eyes look toward lesion
|
Frontal eye fields
|
|
Paralysis
Dysarthria Dysphagia Diplopia LOC RAPID CORRECTION OF HYPONATREMIA |
Central Pontine Myelinolysis
|
|
Can't move mouth to speak
CAN understand / comprehend (Non-fluent aphasia w/ intact comprehension) |
Broca's aphasia
(inferior frontal gyrus) "Broca's Broken Boca" |
|
Can move mouth
Sentences don't make sense (Fluent Aphasia) |
Wernicke's Aphasia
(Sup Temp Gyrus) "Wernicke's is wordy but doesn't make sense) |
|
Broca's Aphasia
+ Wernicke's Aphasia |
Global Aphasia
|
|
Poor repetition of words but fluent speech
|
Conduction aphasia
(Arcuate Fasciculus) |
|
LABEL COW IN DIT 13
|
LABEL COW IN DIT 13
|
|
Which art of COW:
CL Upper UE & Face Motor Cortex CL UE & Face Sensory Cortex Wernicke's and Broca's Areas |
MCA
|
|
CL LE Motor Cortex
CL LE Sensory Cortex |
ACA
(Anterior Communicating Artery) |
|
CL Hemianopsia w/ Macular sparing bc supplies occipital cortex and visual cortex
|
PCA
(Posterior Cerebral Artery) |
|
MC site of berry aneurysm?
|
Bifurcation of COW
|
|
MC site in COW for Berry aneurysm?
***NOTE: BA assoc w/ ADPKD, EDS, Marfan's Syndrome*** |
Anterior communicating artery
|
|
What type of Intra-cranial Hemorrhage:
-Ruptured Middle Meningeal Art -LUCID INTERVAL -Fx'ed temporal bone -CN III Palsy (eye down and out) -CT: Biconcave disc not crossing suture lines |
-Epidural Hematoma
|
|
What type IC Hemorrhage:
-Ruptured bridging veins -Crescent Shaped hemorrhage that crosses suture lines -Old, ETHOL-ics, Blunt Trauma, Shaken Baby |
Subdural Hematoma
|
|
What type IC Hemorrhage:
-Ruptured Aneurysm or AVM -WORST HA OF LIFE -Bloody or yellow spinal tap -Tx w/ nimodipine |
Sub-Arachnoid Hemorrhage
|
|
What type IC Hemorrhage:
-Systemic HTN, Amyloid Angiopathy, Vasculitis, Neoplasm -In basal ganglia and internal capsule |
Intraparenchymal (HTNsive) Hemorrhage
|
|
What type hydrocephalus:
"Wet, Wobbly, Wacky" Incontinence, Ataxia, Dementia |
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
|
|
What type hydrocephalus:
Dec CSF absorption by arachnoid villi --> Inc IC Pressure, Papilledema and herniation --> Compression of III --> Dilated pupil that's down and out |
Communicating hydrocephalus
|
|
What type hydrocephalus:
-Inc CSF in atrophy (Alzheimer's, advanced HIV, Pick's Dz) |
Hydrocephalus ex vacuo
|
|
Give the AFFERENT pathway of the:
Dorsal Columns (Medial Lemnicus) FOR Pressure, Vibration, Touch, Proprioception |
Sensory Nerve Ending -->
DRG --> Ips SC Dorsal Column --> Nucleus Cuneatus (Upper Body except face) Nucleus Gracilis (lower body) --> Decussate in Medulla --> VPL Nucleus of Thalamus --> Sensory Cortex |
|
Give the AFF pathway of the:
Spinothalamic Tract for: Pain and Temp |
Sensory Nerve Ending -->
DRG --> Ips Gray Matter of SC --> DECUSSATES @ ANT White COMMISSURE--> VPL of Thalamus --> Sensory Cortex |
|
Give the EFF pathway of the:
Lat Corticospinal Tract for: descending voluntary mvt of CL limbs |
UMN in primary motor cortex -->
Internal Capsule --> DECUSSATES @ caudal medulla --> LMN @ ant horn--> NMJ |
|
Syringomyelia is damage to anterior white commisure of spinothalamic tract -->
BL loss of what? |
Pain and temp
|
|
Tabes Dorsalis (Tertiary Syphilis) will lead to loss of what part of SC?
|
Dorsal columns
(FG, FC) |
|
Poliocirus does damage to what part of SC?
|
Ant horn (LMN)
|
|
What's the Pathology:
-UMN and LMN signs -Defect in superoxide dismutase I -Fasciculations and eventual atrophy -Riluzole tx lengthens survival by decreasing presynaptic glutamate release |
ALS (Lou Gehrig's Dz)
|
|
What's the Pathology:
-Degeneration of dorsal columns -Tertiary syphilis -Charcot joints -Argyll Robertson Pupil -Dec DTRs - Pos Romberg -Sensory ataxis @ night |
Tabes Dorsalis
|
|
What's the Pathology:
-GAA Repeat that encodes FRATAXIN -Staggering gait -Nystagmus -Dysarthria -Pes Cavus -hammer Toes -Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy!! -In kids presents as kyphoscoliosis |
Friederich's Ataxia
|
|
Hemisection of SC -->
-Ips UMN signs below lesion -Ips loss of tactile, vibration, proprioception below lesion -CL pain and temp loss below lesion -Ips loss of sensation @ level of lesion -LMN signs @ leel of lesion -Horner's if above T1 |
Brown-Sequard Syndrome
|
|
Horner's syndrome has what 3 components
3 Lesions of SC above T1 --> Horner's |
Ptosis
Anhidrosis (no sweating) Miosis (pupillary constriction) Pancoast Tumor Brown-Sequard Late Stage Syringomyelia |
|
1) 2 CN from Midbrain
2) 4 CN from Pons 3) 4 CN from Medulla? |
1) III, IV
2) V, VI, VII, VIII 3) IX, X, XI, XII |
|
1) 5 Nerves in the cavernous sinus?
2) What artery passes through cavernous sinus? |
1) EOM Nerves + 2
IV, VI, III V1, V2 2) Internal Carotid Artery |
|
REVIEW WEBER AND RINNE TEST
|
REVIEW WEBER AND RINNE TEST
|
|
MCC conductive hearing loss?
|
Osteosclerosis:
Overgrowth of inner ear bones (MES) --> Loss of stapedial reflex |
|
Where's the Lesion:
1) CL paralysis of Lower face ONLY 2) Ips paralysis of upper AND lower face 3) Destruction of facial nucleus or facial nerve --> Paralysis of ips Upper AND Lower Face |
1) UMN Motor Cortex lesion
(Upper face receives BL Innervation from cortex) 2) LMN Lesion 3) Bell's Palsy |
|
6 things --> Bell's Palsy?
|
ALexanmder graHam Bell had an STD
Aids Lyme's Dz Herpes Simplex Sarcoidosis Tumors Diabetes |
|
muscles of mastication:
1) 3 that close jaw 2) 1 that opens? 3) all are innervated by what nerve? |
1) Masseter
teMporalis Medial pterygoid 2) Lateral pterygoid 3) V3 |
|
What's the pathology:
Impaired flow of aqueous humor --> Inc Intraocular pressure --> Optic disk atrophy w/ cupping |
Glaucoma
|
|
What's the pathology:
Obstructed outflow of canal of schlemm |
Open / wide angle glaucoma
|
|
What's the pathology:
Obstruction of flow b/t iris and lens, painful |
Closed / narrow angle glaucoma
|
|
What's the pathology:
Inc Intracranial pressure --> Optic disc w/ blurred margins that can be seen in hydrocephalus |
papilledema
|
|
Which CN is damaged:
-Eye down & out -Ptosis -Pupil dilation -No accomodation |
CN III
|
|
Which CN is damaged:
-Eye drifts upward --> Vertical diploplia (hard to read newsspaper or go downstairs) |
CN IV
|
|
Which CN is damaged:
Medially directed eye |
CN VI
|
|
1) What part of CN III CTLs extraocular muscles
2) What part of CN III is involved in FX on eye? 3) What part is messed up if you have a "blown" dilated pupil |
1) Outer
2) Inner 3) Inner |
|
Separation of neurosensory layer of retina from pigmented epithelium of retina?
|
Retinal detachment
|
|
What's the pathology:
-Degeneration of macula --> loss of central vision (scotoma) |
ARMD
(Age related macular degeneration) |
|
ARMD that is slow and due to fat deposits -->
gradual loss of vision |
Dry ARMD
|
|
ARMD that is rapid and due to neovascularization
|
Wet ARMD
|
|
Describe what happens in Intranuclear Ophthalmoplegia
(MLF Syndrome) |
Lesion of MLF -->
Medial rectus palsy TF On attempted Lat Gaze: -No abduction of CL eye -Nystagmus in Adducting eye |
|
INO seen in what pts
|
MS pts
|
|
Name that dementia:
-Elderly -dec ACh -Senile plaques composed of EXTRACELLULAR beta-amyloid -INTRACELLULAR NF Tangles |
Alzheimer's
|
|
Tx for Alzheimer's:
|
AChesterase Inhiba:
Donepezil Galantamine Rivastigmine Memantine |
|
Name that dementia:
-Change in perosnality -poor social conduct -crass |
Pick's Dz
(Frontotemporal Dementia) |
|
Name that dementia:
-Parkinsonism w/ dementia and hallucinations -Falls -Syncope |
Lewy Body Dementia
|
|
-AI inflamm and demyeliation of CNS
-Optic Neuritis -MLF Syndrome (intranuclear ophthalmoplegia) -Bowel / Bladder incontinence -Ing PRO (IgG) in CSF -Oligoclonal bands are Diagnostic -MRI ---> Periventricular plaques MS in a SIN Scanning speech Intention Tremor, Ingontinence, INO Nystagmus |
MS
|
|
Tx of MS
|
beta-IFN
Immunosuppression Natalizumab Sx: Neurogenic bladder: Catherization, Muscarinic Antag Spasticity: Baclofen, GABA agonist Pain: Opioids |
|
-Inflamm and demyelination of PNS and motor fibers
-Ascending muscle weakness -Autonomic fnctns (CV, b/b) may also be effected -Inc CSF PRO w/ normal cell count -Papilledema -Infxn w/ Campylobacter jejuni or herpes --> molecular mimicry --> AI attack -Tx Plasmapheresis IVIg |
Guillain Barre
(Acute Inflamm demyelinating polyradiculopathy) |
|
What demyelinating dz:
Demyelination from destruction of oligodendrocytes |
PML
|
|
Demyelination after infxn (cx pox or measles) or after certain vaccs
|
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
|
|
2 other demyelinating dz'es, don't think impt
FA 466 |
2 other demyelinating dz'es, don't think impt
FA 466 |
|
What type of seizure:
1) 1 area of the brain effected? 2) Multiple, diffuse areas of brain effected? 3) Partial seizure w/ consciousness intact? 4) Partial seziure w/ impaired consciousness? 5) Blank stare? 6) Quick, repetitive jerks 7) Alternating stiffening and mvt 8) Stiffening 9) Drop seizure (fall to floor) |
1) Partial seizure
2) Genrealized seizure 3) Simple Partial Seizure 4) Complex partial seizure 5) Absence Petit mal 6) Myoclonic 7) Tonic - Clonic (grand mal) 8) Tonic 9) Atonic |
|
Name that HA:
1) UL Pulsating pain Nausea Photophobia Phonophobia w/ or w/out aura 2) Tx for migraines? |
1) Migraine
2) propranolol, NSAIDs, sumatriptan |
|
BL HA
not aggravated by light or noise no aura |
Tension
|
|
UL behind eye or periorbital
lacrimation rhinorrhea horner's syndrome |
Cluster HA
|
|
tx for cluster HA
|
O2
Sumatriptan |
|
-Port wine stain (nevus flemmus) in V1 distribution
-Pheochromocytom |
Sturge Weber
|
|
HAMARTOMAS
Hamatomas in CNS and Skin Adenoma Sebaceum Mitral Regurg Ash-leaf spots cardiac Rhabdo (Tuberous Sclerosis) autOsomal dom Mental retard renal Angiomyolipoma Seizures |
Tuberous Sclerosis
|
|
-Cafe-au-lait spots
-Mutated NF-1 gene on Ch. 17 |
NF1
|
|
-Cavernous Hemangiomas in skin
-BL renal cell carcinoma -Mutated tumor suppressor VHL on chromosome 3 |
von Hippel-Lindau dz
|
|
4 MC causes of brain tumors in order of prevalence
|
Mets
Gliobastoma Multiforme Meningioma Schwanoma |
|
Name that adult PRIMARY brain tumor:
-MC primary brain tumor -grave prognosis -Stain astrocytes -"PSEUDOPALASADING" tumor cells |
Glioblastoma
|
|
Brain tumor w/ psammoma bodies
|
Meningioma
|
|
-Found in NF2
-Localized to CN VIII --> acoustic _____ -S100 positive |
Schwannoma
|
|
Name that adult PRIMARY brain tumor:
-Fried egg cells w/ clear cytoplasm (look like koilocytes) |
Oligodendroglioma
|
|
Name that adult PRIMARY brain tumor:
-Usually a prolactinoma -Bitemporal heminaopia -Rathke's pouch |
Pituitary adenoma
|
|
Name that Childhood brain tumor:
-Posterior fossa -Rosenthal Fibers - eosinophilic, corkscrew fibers |
Astrocytoma
|
|
Name that Childhood brain tumor:
-Compresses 4th Vent -Rosettes or perivascular pseudorosette pattern |
Medulloblastoma
|
|
Name that Childhood brain tumor:
-Found in and compress 4th ventricle -Perivascular pseudorosettes |
-Ependymoma
|
|
Name that Childhood brain tumor:
-Cerebellar tumors -assoc w/ von Hippel-Lindau syndrome -Make EPO --> Secondary polycythemia |
Hemangioblastoma
|
|
Name that Childhood brain tumor:
-Bitemporal hemianopia -Supratentorial -Rathke's pouch |
Craniopharyngioma
|
|
3 Tx for ADHD?
|
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Amphetamiens (Dexedrine) Atomoxetine (nonstimulant SNRI) |
|
What type of childhood disorder:
-Repetitive and pervasive behavior violating social norms (Physical aggresssion, destruction of property) -After age 18 it's called antisocial personality disorder |
Conduct disorder
|
|
What type of childhood disorder:
-Hostile, defiant behavior toward authority figures BUT DOES NOT violate social norms |
Oppositional defiant disorder
|
|
Tx for tourettes?
|
antipsychotics (haloperidol)
|
|
Overwhelming fear of separation from home or an attachment figure
|
separation anxiety disorder
|
|
-Impaired Social Skills
-Impaired intelligence -More focus on objects than ppl -Repetitive behavior |
Autism
|
|
-No social skillls
-NORMAL intelligence |
Asberger's
(less serious form of autism) |
|
handwringing
|
rett's disorder
|
|
Give NT prob assoc following:
Anxiety |
Inc NE
Dec GABA Dec 5-HT |
|
Give NT prob assoc following:
Depression |
Dec NE
Dec 5-HT Dec Dopamine |
|
Give NT prob assoc following:
Alzheimer's |
Dec ACh
|
|
Give NT prob assoc following:
Huntington's |
Dec GABA
Dec ACh Inc Dopamine |
|
Give NT prob assoc following:
Schizophrenia |
Inc dopamine
|
|
Give NT prob assoc following:
Parkinson's |
Dec Dopamine
Inc Serotonin Inc ACh |
|
What's the Pathology:
-Req's 2 of the following: *Delusions *Hallucinations (often auditory) *Disorganized speech (loose associations) *Disorganized or catatonic behavior *Negative Sx: flat affect, social withdrawal, lack of motivation, lack of speech or thought -5 Subtypes *Paranoid (delusions) *Disorganized (w/ regard to speech, behavior, affect) *Catatonic *Undifferentiated *Residual |
Schizophrenia
|
|
What type of Schizophrenia:
1) < 1 month? 2) 1-6 mos 3) @ least 2 weeks of stable moood w/ psychotic sx + a major depressive, manir episode |
1) Brief psychotic disorder
2) Schizophreniform disorder 3) Schizoaffective disorder |
|
Fixed, persistent NONBIZARRE belief
(non-bizarre = it could happen, but it's not) |
Delusional disorder
|
|
Give the mnemonic for Major Depressive disorder: need 5/9 for 2 wks
|
SIG E CAPS D
Sleep disturbance loss of Interest Guilty feelings or feelings of worthlessness loss of Energy loss of Concentration Appetite / wt changes Psychomotor retardation or agittaion Suicidal ideations Depressions mood or anhedonia (don't enjoy things anymore) |
|
What type personality disorder:
suspicious |
Paranoid
|
|
What type personality disorder:
Social withdrawal, content in isolation |
Schizoid
|
|
What type personality disorder:
strange Magical thinking "Dressed like a pickle" |
Schizotypal
|
|
What type personality disorder:
Violation of rights of others no remorse |
antisocial
|
|
What type personality disorder:
Unstable mood and interpersonal relationships Self mutilation |
Borderline
|
|
What type personality disorder:
Excessively emotion and excitable Attention seeking |
Histrionic
|
|
What type personality disorder:
Entitlement Lacks empathy Reacts to criticism w/ rate |
Narcissistic
|
|
What type personality disorder:
Hypersensitive to rejection Feels inadequate Desires relationship |
Avoidant
|
|
What type personality disorder:
obsessed w/ order, perfection and CTL |
Obsessive compulsve
|
|
What type personality disorder:
Submissive and clingy Needs to be taken care of |
Dependent
|
|
What't substance is being abused and give tx if you can:
1) Inc GGT AST > ALT 2) CNS Depression Pupil constriction (pinpoint pupils) Seizures 3) Marked resp depression 4) tx for benzo OD? 5) Pupil dilation 6) Pupil dilation w/ angina and Sudden Cardiac Death 7) Belligerent agitation Homicidal 8) Flashbacks pupil dilation |
1) ETHOL
2) Opioids (morphine, heroin, methadone) tx: naloxone, naltrexone 3) Barbituates 4) Flumazenil 5) Amphetamines 6) Cocaine TX: Benzos 7) PCP 8) LSD |
|
What drug:
Euphoria Inc appetite Conjunctival injection |
Marijuana
|
|
1) Caused by thiamine deficiency in ETHOLics
2) Triad of confusion, ophthalmoplegia and ataxia 3) Memory loss, confabulation, personality change |
1) Wernicke-Korsakoff
2) Wernicke's Encephalopathy 3) Korsakoff psychosis |
|
LOOK @ YOUR CUT OUT IN 1st AID P. 507 FOR DRUGS EFFECTING AFF AND EFF ARTERIOLE
|
LOOK @ YOUR CUT OUT IN 1st AID P. 507 FOR DRUGS EFFECTING AFF AND EFF ARTERIOLE
|
|
NOTE:
1) NephrItic Syndrome: Inflammation --> Hematuria, RBC casts, < 3.5 g PRO in urine / day 2) nephrOtic syndrome: Fatty casts, Edema bc > 3.5 g PRO in urine / day |
NOTE:
1) NephrItic Syndrome: Inflammation --> Hematuria, RBC casts, < 3.5 g PRO in urine / day 2) nephrOtic syndrome: Fatty casts, Edema bc > 3.5 g PRO in urine / day |
|
What type of Nephritic Syndrome:
-Enlarged, Hypercellular glomeruli - "lumpy - bumpy" appearance -Immune complex humps from IgG, IgM and C3 deposition along GBM and Mesangium -Peripheral and periorbital edema -Dark Urine |
Acute Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
|
|
What type of Nephritic Syndrome:
-Result of goodpastures, Wegener's, Microscopic poyangitis -Cresenct shaped depositis |
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
|
|
What type of Nephritic Syndrome:
-Wire looping of capps -IgG based IC -Result of SLE of MPGN |
Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis
|
|
What type of Nephritic Syndrome:
-Related to Henoch-Shoenlein purpura -IgA IC in mesangium |
Berger's Dz (IgA Nephropathy)
|
|
What type of Nephrotic Syndrome:
-Segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis -HIV |
Focal segmental glomerulonephritis
|
|
What type of Nephrotic Syndrome:
-Spike and Dome -SLE -Adults |
Membranous Glomerulonephritis
|
|
What type of Nephrotic Syndrome:
-Normal Glomeruli -Foot process effacement -Infxn -Corticosteroids |
MinimalChange Dz
|
|
What type of Nephrotic Syndrome:
-Congo red stain -Apple green birefringerence -Chronic Cond'ns: Multiple Myeloma, TB, RA |
Amyloidosis
|
|
What type of Nephrotic Syndrome:
-"Tram Track:" appearance of GBM (type I) -HBV, HCV (Type II) -C3 Nephritic Factor (Type II) |
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
|
|
What type of Nephrotic Syndrome:
-Nonenzymatic glycosylation of GBM --> Inc permeability and thickening -NEG oif efferent arts --> Inc GFR -Mesangial expansion + Eosinophilic nodular glomerulosclerosis + GBM thickening = what? - |
Diabetic Nephropathy
|
|
-Kidney stone assoc w/ urease positive organisms (proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella, etc)
-Staghorn calculi |
Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate Stone
|
|
CA assoc w/ Inc paraneoplastic production of EPO, ACTH, PRHrP
|
Renal Cell Carcinoma
|
|
-MC renal malignancy of early childhood
-Deletion of tumor supressor WT1 |
Wilms Tumor
|
|
-MC tumor of urinary tract system
-Painless hematuria |
Transitional Cell carcinoma
|
|
-Acutely: CVA tenderness
-Chronically: White cell casts |
Pyelonephritis
|
|
What's the pathology:
-Multiple large, BL Cysts on kidneys -AD mutation in PKD1 -Assoc w/ polycystic liver dz, berry aneurysms, mitral valve prolapse |
ADPKD
(Aut Dom PKD) |
|
REPRODUCTIVE
-See Text |
REPRODUCTIVE
-See Text |
|
RESPIRATORY
-see text |
RESPIRATORY
-see text |