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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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will not cause osmosis
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isotonic solution
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cell will not shrink/swell
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isotonic solution
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randomness in a system
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entropy
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the entropy of universe tends to increase
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second law of thermodynamics
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most abundant immunoglobin
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IgG
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immunoglobin synthesized by plasma cells in mucous membrane of GI
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IgA
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Type I hypersensitivity
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IgE
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immunoglobin that crosses placenta
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IgG
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immunoglobins synthesized where
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plasma cells in
spleen lymph nodes |
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largest immunoglobin
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IgM
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activator of complement system
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IgM
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fxn unknown
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IgD
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first immunoglobin produced to infection
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IgM
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intracellular matrix of bone =
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1-hyaluronic acid
2-chondroitin sulfate |
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weak bonds
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hydrogen
ionic van der waal |
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total body water =
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2/3 intercell fluid
1/3 extracell fluid |
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extracell fluid =
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1/4 plasma
3/4 interstitial fluid |
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intracellular fluid contains
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K
Mg |
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largest amount of body water
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intracell fluid
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intracell/extracell are similar in
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total osmotic pressure
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plasma and intracellular alike except
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lower concentratin of proteins
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osmolality
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in water
(osmotic pressure) |
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osmolarity
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in solution
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same chemical properties
different weights |
isotopes
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which AA synthesized in liver
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nonessential AA
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protein metabolism (in liver)
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1-deamination of AA
2-form urea 3-formation of plasma proteins |
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bile formation
protein metabolism steroid conjugation cho storage detoxification regulate sugar level |
liver fxn
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glucokinase only found
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in liver
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glucose > glucose 6-p in liver
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glucokinase
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glucogenesis in liver
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glucokinase
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hexokinase for what
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glucogenesis
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take up extra glucose
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1-skeletal muscle
2-brain |
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fasting leads to
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decreased liver glycogen
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when does liver release glucose
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1-muscular activity
2-interval btw meals |
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glucose is required for
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brain
RBC |
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RBC oxidize glucose >
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pyruvate
lactate |
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urea produced by
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hydrolysis of arginine
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two nitrogen atoms incorporated into urea
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1-ammonia
2-aspartate |
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HMG CoA reductase
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regulatory enzyme of cholesterol synthesis
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cholesterol produced mainly in
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liver
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cholesterol synthesized from
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acetyl CoA
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bile salts formed from
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cholesterol
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serotonin synthesized from
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tryptophan
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vasoconstrictor
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serotonin
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LSD interferes with
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serotonin
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histamine
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decreases BP
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vasodilator
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histamine
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mast cells =
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histamine
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heparin =
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1-mast cells
2-basophils |
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heparin
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increase in bleeding time
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activate antithrombin
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heparin
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cortisol inhibits
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phospholipase A
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prostaglandin enhance
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inflammatory effects
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protease inhibitor
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antithrombin
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cyclooxygenase makes
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1-prostaglandins
2-prostacyclin 3-thromboxane |
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epigastric region =
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stomach
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pericardium &
heart = |
middle mediastinum
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aortic arch
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superior mediastinum
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R/L brachiocephalic vein
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superior mediastinum
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SVC
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superior mediastinum
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trachea
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superior mediastinum
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esphagus
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superior mediastinum
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thoracic duct
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superior mediastinum
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thymus
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superior mediastinum
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phrenic nerve
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superior mediastinum
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vagus
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superior mediastinum
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cardiac nerve
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superior mediastinum
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left recurrent nerve
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superior mediastinum
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3 sections
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inferior mediastinum
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inferior mediastinum
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1-anterior
2-middle 3-posterior |
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middle mediastinum of
inferior mediastinum > |
pericardium
heart phrenic nerve |
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posterior mediastinum of
inferior mediastinum > |
thoracic aorta
thoracic duct esophagus azygos vagus splanchnic nerve |
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anterior mediastinum of
inferior mediastinum > |
thymus (part)
internal thoracic artery -parts |
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pharhngotympanic tube =
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eustacian tube
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sound waves >
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external ear
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tympanic cavity =
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middle ear
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two muscles in middle ear >
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stapedius
tensor tympani |
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vestibular apparatus >
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inner ear
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semicircular canals >
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inner ear
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not retroperitoneal
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sigmoid colon
ileum |
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no mesenteries
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retroperitoneal organs
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retroperitoneal
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duodenum
pancreas kidney suprarenal gland IVC abdominal aorta |
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ascending colon >
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retroperitoneal
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transverse colon >
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intraperiotoneal
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descending colon >
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retroperitoneal
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sigmoid colon
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not retroperi
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rectum >
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retroperitoneal
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2 body cavities
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1-dorsal
2-ventral |
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dorsal cavity=
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1-cranial
2-spinal cavity |
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ventral cavity =
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1-thoracic cavity
2-abdominopelvic |
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thoracic cavity =
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1-pericardial
2-pleural |
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visceral peritoneum
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covers retroperitoneal organs
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delayed closure of 2 GRANULATING SURFACES
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second intention healing
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restoration of integrity
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healing
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after inflammation phase>wound healing by
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1-contraction
2-repair 3-regeneration |
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granulation tissue
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second intention
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fibroblasts
endothelial cells |
granulation tissue
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irreg scar
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second intention
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heal by fibrous adhesion
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first intention
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no suppuration
no granulation tissue formation |
first intention
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cicatrization
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scar formation
3rd intention |
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tensile strength
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collagen fibers
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greatest effect on granulation tissue
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glucocorticoids
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TORCH
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toxoplasmosis
other agents rubella cmv herpes |
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most uncommon site for infarction
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liver
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able to regenerate
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bone
cartilage intestinal mucosa |
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dont regenerate
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skeletal mm
smooth mm neurons |
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vulnerable to hypoxia/anoxia
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heart
brain lungs |
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hypertrophy in response to injury
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heart
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monocytes
macrophages= |
reticulo-endothelial
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located in reticular CT=spleen
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reticulo-endothelial
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engulf and remove cellular debris
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reticulo-endothelial
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constitutes all phago cells of the body except
granulocytes |
reticulo-endothelial
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macrophage in CNS
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microglia
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phago cells that line BV in liver
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kupffer cells
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macrophages fixed in alveolar lining of lungs
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alveolar macrophages
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dust cells
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alveolar macrophages
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fixed macrophages in CT
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histiocytes
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def of glucocerebrosidase
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gaucher
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def sphingomyelinase=
die w/in a few yrs |
niemann pick
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def of hex A
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tay-sac
die rapidly |
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most aggressive bronchogenic carcinoma
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small cell carcinoma
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oat cell
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small cell carcinoma
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wall of bronchial tree
epithelium of bronchial tree |
lung cancer
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epidermoid
adenocarcinoma small cell carcinoma large cell carcioma |
bronchogenic carcinoma
|
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central portion of lung
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epidermoid
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hilar mass
linked to smoking |
epidermoid
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in periph
upper lobes of lung not a/w smoking |
adenocarcinoma
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develops on sit of prior pulmonary inflammation or injury
-TB -healed infarcts |
adenocarcinoma
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central part of lung
most aggressive |
small cell carcinoma
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most malignant
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small cell carcinoma
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90% smokers
male |
small cell carcinoma
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spindle shaped
anaplastic hyperchromic nucleus |
small cell carcinoma
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arise in periph
poorly differentiated |
large cell carcinoma
|
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anaplastic
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large cell carcinoma
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survive 5 yrs after diagnosis
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14%
|
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diff species living together in which 1 benefits
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commensalism
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removal of oxygen from a habitat
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commensalism
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obligatory
interactive association btw members of 2 pop |
symbiosis
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may benefit
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symbiosis
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both members live together with mutual benefit
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mutualism
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state of dormancy
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latency
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TB
herpes simplex |
latency
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latent for periods of time and become active under certain conditions
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latency
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sustitutions
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missense
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orientation of purine/pyrimidine reversed
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transverse
|
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point mutation substitution of one base pair for another
replacement of one purine for another purine |
transition
|
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termination codon
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nonsense mutation
|
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increase # of cells>increase in size
|
hyperplasia
|
|
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failure of cell production
|
aplasia
|
|
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fetal dev with aplasia=
|
ageneis
|
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decrease in cell production
|
hypoplasia
|
|
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1 cell type changes to another cell type
*in response to stress* |
metaplasia
|
|
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replacement of columnar cells by stratifed squamous epi
|
metaplasia
|
|
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taken from person not genetically related
|
allograft
|
|
|
same individual
|
autograft
|
|
|
genetically identical
|
isograft
|
|
|
most feared consequence of graft therapy
|
graft versus host rxn
|
|
|
major host response is a cell mediated immune response
|
xenograft
|
