Bnad 276 Exam 2 Material

Front 1

How do you convert z scores to x (raw) scores?

Back 1

raw score = mean + (z score)(standard deviation)

Front 2

How do you convert x (raw) scores to z scores?

Back 2

z score = raw score - mean / standard deviation

Front 3

What are the probabilities associated with z score = 1, 2, 3?

Back 3

68%, 95%, 99.7%

Front 4

What is central tendency, dispersion, and shape, and what do they have to do with distributions?

Back 4

CT = mean, median, mode, DISPERSION = variance, SD, range, SHAPE =

Front 5

What is the formula for standard deviation and variance, in regard to samples and population?

Back 5

S = Square root ( slkjt )

Front 6

As n goes up, variability goes..?

Back 6

Down

Front 7

Why are larger samples preferable to smaller samples? (Law of Large Numbers)

Back 7

Flaws in observation are overlooked in larger samples and results may be obtained faster and more accurately

Front 8

The mean, median and mode in positively skewed distribution:

Back 8

Mean > Median > Mode

Front 9

The mean, median, and mode in negatively skewed distribution:

Back 9

Mean < Median < Mode

Front 10

Describe the characteristics of a normal curve.

Back 10

Possess clear central tendency, have only one peak, exhibit tapering tails, be symmetric around the mean, bell-shaped

Front 11

Describe the five major objectives of using research in business.

Back 11

1. exploration, 2. description, 3. explanation, 4. prediction, 5. influence

Front 12

Describe the three measures of central tendency.

Back 12

Mean, median, mode

Front 13

How do box plots use medians, quartiles, maximum, and minimum scores?

Back 13

Plots min, max, and first three quartiles

Front 14

Describe the empirical approach to probability.

Back 14

Poop

Front 15

Describe the classical approach to probability.

Back 15

Poop

Front 16

Describe the subjective approach to probability.

Back 16

Poop

Front 17

What is the "mean deviation"?

Back 17

It uses the absolute values of the deviation scores.

Front 18

How can standard deviation by estimated?

Back 18

Range/6

Front 19

What are "not unusual", "unusual", "outliers", and "extreme outliers" scores?

Back 19

Z is less than 2, Z is between 2 and 3, Z is between 3 and 4, Z is 4 and above

Front 20

Describe the Central Limit Theorem (three propositions).

Back 20

P.1: If n is large enough, the mean of the distribution will approach mean of pop. P.2: If n is large enough, sampling distribution of means will be approx normal, regardless of shape of the pop. P.3: Standard deviation of sampling distribution = SD / square root (sample size). As n increases, SEM decreases.

Front 21

Describe the sampling distribution of sample means.

Back 21

Idk

Front 22

How is the SD different from the SEM? How are they similar?

Back 22

Idk lol

Front 23

What is a point estimate? An interval estimate?

Back 23

Point estimate is a specific estimation, but less likely to be right. Interval provides a range and more likely to include population parameter.

Front 24

Calculate a confidence interval.

Back 24

Front 25

What is meant by a "critical z" or "critical value"?

Back 25

Idk lol

Front 26

What are the five steps for hypothesis testing?

Back 26

1. identify research problem 2. identify decision rule 3. calculations 4. make decision 5. conclusion

Front 27

What is the difference between 1 vs 2 tailed tests? How do we decide when to use each?

Back 27

lol

Front 28

What are Type 1 and Type 2 errors? How is alpha related to Type 1, and beta related to Type 2?

Back 28

poop

Front 29

Identify 7 methodologies from a description of a study!

Back 29

1. Confidence int 2. t-test (2 means) 3. One-way ANOVA (more than 2 means) 4. Two-way ANOVA (2 IVs) 5. Correlational methodologies 6. Simple and multiple regression 7. Chi square

Front 30

What is meant by a heuristic? What are the pros and cons? (109)

Back 30

werg

Front 31

Describe the "Linda the bank teller" example. What does this say about people's perceptions of conjunction probability?

Back 31

lol

Front 32

Describe the nuclear war scenario (page 112).

Back 32

ewt

Front 33

Describe the quote by Tversky and Kahneman on page 111.

Back 33

egs

Front 34

Describe the "law of small numbers".

Back 34

egt

Front 35

What is a "hot hand" or "shooting streak"?

Back 35

sgjh

Front 36

What is meant by "neglecting the base"?

Back 36

wepiot

Front 37

What is meant by "regression to the mean"?

Back 37

owrig

Front 38

Contrast clinical versus actuarial predictions.

Back 38

orgin

Front 39

What is the availability heuristic? (109)

Back 39

soigt

Front 40

Describe the point being made by being killed by a shark vs by falling airplane parts, as well as being killed by violent vs. disease-based process?

Back 40

idk

Front 41

Describe the "imaginative study", denial and vividness.

Back 41

ha

Front 42

Describe the "legal significance of guacamole".

Back 42

lol

Front 43

Describe the "game show problem" and Table 12.1. (132)

Back 43

woit

Front 44

Describe the notion of "confusion of the inverse". (132)

Back 44

wet

Front 45

Contrast simple probability with conditional probability. (133)

Back 45

owetn

Front 46

Contrast conjunctive and disjunctive events. (135)

Back 46

wte

Front 47

Describe what is meant by conservative and anti conservative in decision making. (138)

Back 47

eorgh

Front 48

Describe 3 recommendations to reduce biases in probability and risk estimation. (143)

Back 48

weohto

Front 49

Describe "synchronicity"-- how does it relate to the main points? (155)

Back 49

weoit

Front 50

How would you answer: Do people tend to see meaningful patterns in random arrangements of stimuli? Can peeps behave randomly? (156)

Back 50

wet

Front 51

What is "lucky" an empirical fact and when is it superstition? (156-57)

Back 51

oreiwgh

Front 52

Describe Fischhoff and Slovic study that looked at people's estimations about their own ability to predict the stock market.

Back 52

weoith

Front 53

What is the analogy between hypothesis tests and confidence intervals?

Back 53

idk lol